This paper demonstrates an application of the tooth interior fatigue fracture (TIFF) analysis method, as implemented in SMT's MASTA software, in which loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) results from a specialized 3-D contact model have been utilized to determine the load boundary conditions for analysis of tooth flank fracture (TFF).
The common calculation methods according to DIN 3990 and
ISO 6336 are based on a comparison of occurring stress and
allowable stress. The influence of gear size on the load-carrying
capacity is considered with the size factors YX (tooth root bending)
and ZX (pitting), but there are further influences, which
should be considered.
In the following, major influences of gear size on the load factors
as well as on the permissible tooth root bending and contact
stress will be discussed.
This paper addresses the lubrication of helical gears - especially
those factors influencing lubricant film thickness and pressure.
Contact between gear teeth is protected by the elastohydrodynamic
lubrication (EHL) mechanism that occurs between nonconforming
contact when pressure is high enough to cause large
increases in lubricant viscosity due to the pressure-viscosity
effect, and changes of component shape due to elastic deflection.
Acting together, these effects lead to oil films that are stiff
enough to separate the contacting surfaces and thus prevent
significant metal-to-metal contact occurring in a well-designed
gear pair.
The increasing demands in the automotive
industry for weight reduction, fuel
efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint need to be addressed urgently. Up until now, widely used conventional steels have lived up to expectations. However, with more stringent emissions standards,
demands on materials are increasing.
Materials are expected to perform better, resulting in a need for increased fatigue strength. A possibility to increase torque
on current generations without design
changes can be achieved by selecting suitable materials.
Gear-loaded tooth contact analysis is an important tool for the design and analysis of gear performance within transmission and driveline systems. Methods for the calculation of tooth contact conditions have been discussed in the literature for many years. It's possible the method you've been using is underestimating transmission error in helical gears. Here's why.
Broaching is a machining technique commonly used to cut gear teeth or cam profiles for the high volume manufacture of power transmission parts used in vehicles (Refs. 1–2). This article shows how the right gear blank material can make all the difference if you want to get more parts out of each tool.
While designing gear and spline teeth, the root fillet area and the corresponding maximum tensile stress are primary design considerations for the gear designer. Root fillet tensile stress may be calculated using macro-geometry values such as module,
minor diameter, effective fillet radius, face width, etc.
This paper outlines the comparison of
efficiencies for worm gearboxes with
a center distance ranging from 28 -
150 mm that have single reduction from
5 to 100:1. Efficiencies are calculated using several standards (AGMA, ISO, DIN, BS) or by methods defined in other bibliographic references. It also deals with the measurement of torque and temperature on a test rig — required for the calibration of an analytical model
to predict worm gearbox efficiency
and temperature. And finally, there are examples of experimental activity (wear and friction measurements on a blockon- ring tribometer and the measurements of dynamic viscosity) regarding the effort of improving the efficiency for worm gear drivers by adding nanoparticles of fullerene shape to standard PEG lubricant
THE FINAL CHAPTER
This is the last in the series of chapters excerpted from Dr. Hermann J. Stadtfeld's Gleason Bevel Gear Technology - a book written for specialists in planning, engineering, gear design and manufacturing. The work also addresses the technical
information needs of researchers, scientists and students who deal with the theory and practice of bevel gears and other angular gear systems. While all of the above groups are of course of invaluable importance to the gear industry, it is surely the students who hold the key to its future. And with that knowledge it is reassuring to hear from Dr. Stadtfeld of
the enthusiastic response he has received from younger readers
of these chapter installments.
A best practice in gear design is to limit the amount of backlash to a minimum value needed to accommodate
manufacturing tolerances, misalignments, and deflections, in order to prevent the non-driving side of the teeth to make contact and rattle. Industry standards, such as ANSI/AGMA 2002 and DIN3967, provide reference values of minimum backlash to be used in the gear design. However, increased customers' expectations in vehicle noise eduction have pushed backlash and allowable manufacturing tolerances to even lower limits. This is especially true in the truck market, where engines are quieter because they run at lower speeds to improve fuel economy, but they quite often run
at high torsional vibration levels. Furthermore, gear and shaft arrangements in truck transmissions have become more complex due to increased number of speeds and to improve efficiency. Determining the minimum amount of backlash is quite a challenge. This paper presents an investigation of minimum backlash values of helical gear teeth applied to a light-duty pickup truck transmission. An analytical model was developed to calculate backlash limits of each gear pair when not transmitting load, and thus susceptible to generate rattle noise, through different transmission power paths.
A statistical approach (Monte Carlo) was used since a significant number of factors affect backlash, such as tooth
thickness variation; center distance variation; lead; runout and pitch variations; bearing clearances; spline clearances; and shaft deflections and misalignments. Analytical results identified the critical gear pair, and power path, which was confirmed experimentally on a transmission. The approach presented in this paper can be useful to design gear pairs
with a minimum amount of backlash, to prevent double flank contact and to help reduce rattle noise to lowest levels.