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Testing

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-11-06

New Edition of the GRI Newsletter “Transmissions”

The newest edition of the Gear Research Institute (GRI) newsletter, “Transmissions” has been published.  The link below will guide you to the Newsletter posting on GRI's newly freshened website. Additional updates to the site will slowly continue to roll out.  

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-08-15

Zeiss and CleanControlling Cooperate on Industrial Analysis Techniques

Zeiss and CleanControlling, a leading test laboratory for technical cleanliness, signed a cooperation agreement in April. The goal of the cooperation is to optimize products and industrial analysis techniques, and to set new market standards.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-02-14

Gear Research Institute Elects Eaton's Ben Sheen to Board of Trustees

Intelligent power management company Eaton today announced that Ben Sheen, chief engineer, of Eaton’s Mobility Group, was recently elected to the Board of Trustees for the Gear Research Institute (GRI) at Penn State University. The GRI is affiliated with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) to conduct research and development, consulting, and analysis for gear-related needs.  

FEATURE ARTICLES | 2023-12-11

The Evolution of Gear Dynamics and Gear Noise

A deep dive into the world of gear dynamics and gear noise has led many a mechanical engineer to Columbus, OH in search of the methods by which gear noise is measured and predicted as well as the techniques employed in gear noise and vibration reduction. Over the past 40+ years, about 2,550 engineers and technicians from 385+ companies have attended the Gear Dynamics and Gear Noise Short Course at The Ohio State University.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-06-20

Results of ISO/TS 6336-22 Evaluating Full Contact Zone

This investigation reviews calculations using ISO/TS 6336-22 Method A and Method B, comparing the calculations against field results. Extensive reviews were made of geometry, surface roughness, load conditions, and lubricant conditions to best understand the influences of micropitting on each example and the applicability of the calculations to the results.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-05-22

Test Rig for Crowned Spline Joints with Optimized Surface Treatments Under Misaligned Conditions

In the present paper, a spline-joint design and the extension of a back-to-back test rig were presented, which enable the testing of crowned spline-joints under high rotational speed, medium torque, high test temperature, and angular misalignments.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-04-19

Gear Research Institute Announces Latest Transmissions Newsletter

The newest edition of the Gear Research Institute (GRI) newsletter, “Transmissions” has been published. The technical article included in this edition describes a recent experience where they encountered an unexpected surface quality issue during gear fabrication for one of their single-client projects. 

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VIDEO | 2023-01-18

High-Speed Gearbox Test Stand from Cotta Transmission

Cotta has designed and manufactured a diverse line of high-speed gearboxes that are used by some of the largest OEM companies in the world for numerous R&D and production test stand applications for automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.  This gearbox is high-speed and was designed for a customer’s R&D test stand application.  The gearbox will be going through extensive testing prior to being sent out to the customer. In addition to systematically and comprehensively monitoring the quality of all internal processes, first-piece inspection is conducted on every machining sequence, and every transmission is tested prior to shipment.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-10-05

Blaser Examines Every Chip in Detail in an Innovative Series of Tests

The idea of capturing the machining process, chip formation and the behavior of the metalworking fluid more precisely than ever before through photos and videos came about as part of a joint project with the renowned ETH Zurich. The research and development team at Swiss metalworking fluids experts, Blaser Swisslube, set about the planning and implementation. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-09-28

ZF Wind Power and R&D Test Systems to Develop 30MW Test Bench

In its largest order to date, Danish wind turbine test specialist R&D Test Systems will develop the 30 MW powertrain and gearbox test bench for ZF Wind Power’s future “Test & Prototype Center” at Lommel, Belgium, that will house the world’s most powerful validation test bench for wind turbines. 

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-08-31

Exact Metrology Exhibits at Coordinate Metrology Society Conference

Exact Metrology recently exhibited at the Coordinate Metrology Society Conference (CMSC) with their sister division, OASIS Alignment Services: A Division of In-Place Machining Company. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-08-03

Capture 3D Joins OMIC R&D

The Oregon Manufacturing Innovation Center Research and Development (OMIC R&D) recently welcomed Capture 3D, a Zeiss company, as a member of the collaboration, now at 41 members. Headquartered in Santa Ana, California, Capture 3D is a leader in innovative optical 3D metrology solutions, including accurate blue light 3D scanners, precision photogrammetry systems, comprehensive inspection software, and high-tech automated inspection systems.

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-04-13

esco GmbH Expands Skiving Software Portfolio

The company esco, a technology partner for process digitization in the gear and cutting tool industry, is adding a technology module to its software for the Power Skiving process chain.

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-02-10

Ipsen Expands Services with Vacuum Chamber Wall Thickness Testing

Ipsen has expanded its field service capabilities to include ultrasonic wall thickness testing for vacuum furnaces. The test helps custom...
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INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-09-24

Klingelnberg Presents Flexible Roll Testing on the R 300

The Höfler Cylindrical Gear Roll Testing Machine R 300 is the latest machine development from the engineering company Klingelnberg i...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-16

Marposs Adds Electric Motor Testing with Electrical Dynamic Acquisition

Marposs has announced the acquisition of e.d.c. srl (Electrical Dynamic Company), an Italian company  based in Milan and a world lea...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-02-22

Fatigue Strength and Service Calculation of Gears

Bevel gear design is well-established. Flank geometry optimization is used worldwide to ensure satisfactory low-noise emis...

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-11-04

Facing Down Contact Ratio

Before we move on from helix angle restrictions, I want to say a few things about face contact ratio. Soon after the appearance of the first helica...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-11-03

Marposs Announces Remote Video Conference Testing and Acceptance Service

Marposs has announced its real-time Remote Testing and Acceptance Service. Marposs is enabling customers to participate in live testing, ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-10-05

Buehler to Host Virtual Hardness Testing Event

Buehler, an ITW Company is hosting Wilson Hardness Days, November 4-5, 2020. This virtual educational program includes two half days of a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-09-30

Job Change Tales

Writers are often advised to “write about what you know.” My recent postings on recruitment, employee development, and fitting in was informed by a...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-06-17

Hoffmann Group Taps WFL Millturn to Test and Optimize Tools

Pushed to the Maximum

With over 4,000 employees and an extensive range of tools, operating equipment and personal protec...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-04-22

Happy Earth Day!

Today is the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. It was fairly big news for me back in 1970 as one of its founders was a U.S. Senator from my home state...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-04-01

Making the Most of a Bad Situation

These strange times will not last forever. All around the world, people are hunkered down to flatten the curve of hospital admissions. Medical prof...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-03-11

Solar Atmospheres Offers In-House Metallographic Testing

Solar Atmospheres now offers in-house metallographic testing, with the recent purchase of a Zeiss AxioVert A1 Inverted Materials Microsco...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-02-19

Known Unknowns

In my last posting I mentioned the need for humility and skepticism. Before anyone think this is heading off into political commentary, let me expl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-02-04

Worthy Apprentices

I have been posting about role models and mentors this year; now it is time to change the focus to the best ways to leverage the mentor/mentee rela...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2020-01-01

Vickers vs. Knoop Hardness Testers for Measuring Case Depth in Carburized Parts

What are the pros and cons of using Vickers versus Knoop hardness testers for measuring case depth in carburized gears?
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-12-26

Starrett Provides Software Solutions for Force and Material Testing

The L.S. Starrett Co., a leading global manufacturer of precision hand tool gages, a broad range of force testing, metrology equipment, a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-10-10

That Blank Sheet of Paper

Does nature hate a vacuum more than a designer hates a blank sheet of paper? We will never know for sure because nature is too busy to write a blog...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-09-05

Company Pride

This belt buckle found its way to me recently when my daughter’s in-laws moved into a new house in the Chicago suburbs. The couple emigrated from P...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-08-30

Starrett Expands Hardness Testing Line

The L.S. Starrett Co. has significantly expanded its line of Benchtop Hardness Testers, adding seven Rockwell systems, eight Vickers syst...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-13

Gear Origins: Roman Cisek

I was lucky to get a job as a design engineer – drive train department with a big construction equipment manufacturer (HSW) in Poland, right after ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-09

My Story – Bob Handschuh

Most of us only think of NASA with regard to the “S” [Space] in its acronym. The first “A” [Aerospace] is just as important to its mission of s...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-07

Dave Hinz — My Story

Sometimes there is a “gear guy” lurking inside an ordinary engineer. Risking the embarrassment of a poor result on an unexpected “pop quiz” was...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-30

Hanspeter Dinner—My Story

It was the middle of December — rainy, dark, late, cold. My job with a roller coaster company was the wrong choice. I had a job interview with KISS...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-24

Yefim Kotlyar — My Story

Yefim Kotlyar is a wonderful example of how gears unite the world. His background is much different than mine, yet we share a deep appreciation...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-14

My Career in Gears: Ray Drago

When I was in high school (Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, NY) I had a general science teacher, Mrs. Gaudiello, who recognized something i...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-01-30

From Co-op to Vice President: Octave A. LaBath

I was attending the University of Cincinnati in the college of engineering. After my freshman year in 1960, I started my co-op job with the Cincinn...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-01-01

The Growth of Australian Regenerative Load Testing

Historically, gearbox original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and repair organizations have tended to offer their customers no-load, full speed (spin) tests as a standard performance test. If a load test was specified, the supplier would probably offer a locked torque back-to-back simulated load test, which requires a large investment in tooling to connect shafts of the test and slave gearboxes.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-20

Frequently Asked Questions

Backlash “adju...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-07

Something is not Right Here

Another benefi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-09-05

Hainbuch Taps Hänel for Mandrel Prototype Test

Hard work and first-class teamwork between the gear factory Hänel and Hainbuch has paid off. The new mandrel Mando G211 for gear manufacturers, sui...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-03

Planetary Gears: Inside Information

The Story So Far

FEATURE ARTICLES | 2018-07-01

In-Process, Complete Gear Inspection at Light Speeds

New GRSL technology adds value to high-volume transmission gear inspection by combining non-contact laser inspection with tried-and-true composite roll testing.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-21

Gear Materials: More Inside Heat Treating Trivia

In our last bl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-20

Gear Materials: You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know

Before we leave our study of materials, I want to share a few thoughts on heat treating, lab tests, and hardness testing. When you start working wi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-14

Options for Material Selection

Disclaimer: This is the policy I follow for material selection. Your situation may call for a different decision. You should not adopt this pol...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-12

Can We Use This Instead?

Right up there with the dreaded “blank sheet of paper” is the inevitable question of “Can we use this instead?” It came as a real shock to me the f...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-31

Parsing the Fine Print

If my last posting prompted you to look at a copy of a material cert, you probably noticed that the cert has much more information on it than just ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-24

The Right Stuff

Even the most brilliant gear design will fail if the wrong material is used to make the parts. Our understanding of metallurgy and alloying element...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-05-07

Gear Testing at Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation Delivers Timely, Efficient Results

Experimental proof of load carrying capacity, excitation behavior or efficiency is obligatory in the development process of most transm...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-26

Actions Have Consequences

The initial motivation for changing outside diameters was the avoidance of undercutting. Designers, engineers, and theoreticians quickly discovered...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-06

Nothing Remains Constant

We cannot leave our lesson about tooth depths without covering bevel gears. There is a tendency to think of bevels and worms as being best left to ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-02-16

Mitutoyo America HR-530 Rockwell Hardness Testers Features Unique Electronic Control and Inside Ring Hardness Testing

Mitutoyo America Corporation is pleased to announce the release of the latest Rockwell Hardness Testers in its HR-530 Series, including t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-01-18

KISSsoft 03/2018 Beta Version is Available for Testing

The KISSsoft 03/2018 Beta Version has now been released for a test run. The final release will be available from April 23rd, 2018 - just ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-01-11

Solar Atmospheres Adds Tensile Testing to List of Services

In a continuing quest to enhance customer service, Solar Atmospheres of Western PA has expanded its wings by adding another type of mecha...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-01-01

Globalization's Effect Upon Gear Steel Quality

Background on the development of a high-speed, automatic hardness tester for gear steels.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-11-17

Gleason GRSL Sets Standard for Throughput for High-Speed, High-Volume Testing

The GRSL Gear Rolling System with Laser provides both double flank roll testing as well as analytical index and involute measurement on a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-10-12

Thinking Big

My local newspaper’s lead story today concerned the explosive demolition of a highway bridge in nearby Tionesta, PA. As luck would have it, our mos...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-10-10

Napoleon Engineering Services Announces Rolling-Contact Fatigue and Wear Testing

The largest independent bearing testing and inspection facility in the United States, Napoleon Engineering Services (NES) has announced t...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-09-26

Where Did All the Big Projects Go?

Remembering the “good old days” too often or too fondly is an occupational hazard for a veteran blogger like me. I try to temper “story time” with ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-08-31

Cost Reduction Ideas

A commentator recently asked for “real world” examples of how he could reduce costs and win more orders. Improved technology is often cited as the ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-02-15

KISSsoft 03/2017 Beta Version is Available for Testing

The KISSsoft 03/2017 Beta Version has now been released for a test run. The final release will be available April 24th, 2017 - just in ti...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-01-01

Slow and Steady

The results of our Annual State of the Gear Industry Survey (See page 26) provided insight on 2016 as well as forecasts for 2017. Here is additional insight from some of the industry's leaders.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-01-01

Repair of Large, Surface-Degraded Industrial Gears - a New Approach

This paper presents a new approach to repair industrial gears by showing a case study where pressure angle modification is also considered, differently from the past repairing procedures that dealt only with the modification of the profile shift coefficient. A computer program has been developed to automatically determine the repair alternatives under two goals: minimize the stock removal or maximize gear tooth strength.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-12-13

Job Satisfaction

    Every once in a while you need a reminder of why you enjoy your work. This week I got to witness final testing of a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-10-27

The Limits of Genius

There is an old saying that “the fools always win in the end because stupidity has no limits, while genius does.” Occasionally we see this acted ou...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2016-09-01

Product News

News on the latest products in the industry.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-07-26

Cortec EcoShield 386 Water Based Coating Achieves 1,000 Hours of Salt Spray Testing

Through the Nano VpCI coatings chemistry of Cortec Laboratories, the first water based coating has been created to withstand a minimum 1,...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-07-20

Covering All Angles

Klingelnberg Hosts 6th WZL Gear Conference in the USA 2016  Matthew Jaster, Senior Editor ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-07-05

What if We Save the World Anyway?

In the midst of a heated discussion on the environment fifteen years ago, my son asked a thought provoking question: “What if we saved the world an...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-03-10

Your Results May Vary

  We have all seen the Internet meme of politicians wearing corporate logos so the public will know who their backers are. I would like to ...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-03-01

Plastic Gearing Continues Converting the Unconverted

Plastic gears are everywhere today - throughout your car, at the oceans' lowest depths, in deep space. The question, when is a metal gear a candidate for plastic conversion, can be addressed in three words, i.e. what's the application?
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-02-16

Cold Weather Designs

    Growing up in Milwaukee I learned about cold weather early and got a refresher course every winter. These lessons served me wel...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-11-19

MP Tool Chuck Test Stand Provides Automated Durability Testing While Replicating Real-World Scenarios

MP Tool & Engineering’s new chuck test stand with touchscreen monitor provides automated durability and functionality testing w...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-09-29

Honorable Data

The huge flap over the Volkswagen “defeat code” for diesel EPA testing is a cautionary tale for all engineers and executives — regardless of produc...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-09-22

How Reliable is Our Information?

How much can we trust our understanding of how things work? There was a special joint web ex meeting this week between two AGMA committees that got...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-05-07

Applying Business Metaphors to Sports

We suffer through lots of sports clichés in business articles and motivational speeches. What if the reverse were done to sports teams? I am a big ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-05-05

Building Your Team

The National Football League (NFL) held its annual draft of college players here in Chicago this past week. It is probably the most publicized huma...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2015-03-01

Measuring Residual Stress in Gears

I have heard that X-ray diffraction does not tell the whole story and that I should really run a fatigue test. I understand this may be the best way, but is there another method that gives a high degree of confidence in the residual stress measurement?
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-01-29

Feedback and Comments

[starbox] We are starting our second year of this blog and are pleased that it was named one of the Top 50 Design and Development Blogs on the Int...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-12-04

Overcoming Adversity

[starbox] My last blog concerned project management and the problems of staying on schedule. I thought it only fair to pass on some techniques I...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-12-02

Deadlines

[starbox] I have posted before about how much I enjoyed seeing my projects finally reach the shipping dock after months of sales negotiation, de...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-16

Publish or Perish

[starbox] My very first posting in this space was a call for papers for the 2013 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting. I had just gotten home from Arlingto...
VOICES | 2014-09-01

Leading by Example - Remember When

In January of this year we at Gear Technology got hip to the fact-in un-hip, belated fashion - that we needed a Blog Site and someone to do the blogging. Lucky for us, we already had that someone right here - in plain sight. That someone was Charles D. Schultz, P.E.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-08-01

Setting Load Parameters for Viable Fatigue Testing of Gears in Powertrain Axles Part I: Single-Reduction Axles

This presentation introduces a new procedure that - derived from exact calculations - aids in determining the parameters of the validation testing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears in single-reduction axles.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-05-27

The Arsenal of Democracy

[starbox] The Memorial Day holiday means different things to different people. To some it is the official start of summer, although the erratic ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-05-22

Failing Boldly

[starbox] Aside from the pure mechanical beauty of it, my favorite thing about the Indy 500 is the tradition. What’s more, few events can match ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-05-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the May 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-21

Action Items for the Gear Trade

[starbox] Recently I learned that it took over 20 years for the gear industry to agree on its first “standard” tooth form — and that was after s...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-03-01

Practical Considerations for the Use of Double-Flank Testing for the Manufacturing Control of Gearing - Part II

Part I of this paper, which appeared in the January/February issue of Gear Technology, described the theory behind double-flank composite inspection. It detailed the apparatus used, the various measurements that can be achieved using it, the calculations involved and their interpretation. The concluding Part II presents a discussion of the practical application of double-flank composite inspection -- especially for large-volume operations. It also addresses statistical techniques that can be used in conjunction with double-flank composite inspection, as well as an in-depth analysis of gage R&R for this technique.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-05

Practical Magic

[starbox] Today I have t
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-01-27

How Did You Become a Gear Expert?

[starbox] Some months ago I got a call from a young engineer asking how he could get into the consulting business. It was a flattering call but a ...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-01-01

Practical Considerations for the Use of Double-Flank Testing for the Manufacturing Control of Gearing - Part I

Part I of this paper describes the theory behind double-flank composite inspection, detailing the apparatus used, the various measurements that can be achieved using it, the calculations involved and their interpretation. Part II, which will appear in the next issue, includes a discussion of the practical application of double-flank composite inspection, especially for large-volume operations. Part II covers statistical techniques that can be used in conjunction with double-flank composite inspection, as well as an in-depth analysis of gage R&R for this technique.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-08-01

Leading the Way in Lead Crown Correction and Inspection

Forest City Gear applies advanced gear shaping and inspection technologies to help solve difficult lead crown correction challenges half a world away. But these solutions can also benefit customers much closer to home, the company says. Here's how…
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-05-01

Hardness Testing

This back-to-basics article describes the main methods used for hardness testing of gears: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Knoop.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-01-01

Do No Destructive Testing

An overview of nondestructive testing and its importance in the manufacture of big gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-01-01

Large Pinions for Open Gears - The Increase of Single Mesh Load

This paper introduces mandatory improvements in design, manufacturing and inspection - from material elaboration to final machining - with special focus on today's large and powerful gearing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-01-01

Accelerating Validation Testing

Bringing new or improved products to market sooner has long been proven profitable for companies. One way to help shorten the time-to-market is to accelerate validation testing. That is, shorten the test time required to validate a new or improved product.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-11-01

Flank Breakage on Gears for Energy Systems

Gear flank breakage can be observed on edge zone-hardened gears. It occurs, for example, on bevel gears for water turbines, on spur gears for wind energy converters and on single- and double-helical gears for other industrial applications.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-03-01

High-Temperature Testing of Stanyl Plastic Gears: A Comparison with Tensile Fatigue Data

This paper shows an experimental study on the fatigue lifetime of high-heat polyamide (Stanyl) gears running in oil at 140°C. Based on previous works (Refs. 1–2), an analysis is made correcting for tooth bending and calculating actual root stresses. A comparison with tensile bar fatigue data for the same materials at 140°C shows that a good correlation exists between gear fatigue data and tensile bar fatigue data. This insight provides a solid basis for gear designers to design plastic gears using actual material data.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-11-01

Bending Fatigue Tests of Helicopter Case Carburized Gears: Influence on Material, Design and Manufacturing Parameters

A single tooth bending (STB) test procedure has been developed to optimally map gear design parameters. Also, a test program on case-carburized, aerospace standard gears has been conceived and performed in order to appreciate the influence of various technological parameters on fatigue resistance and to draw the curve shape up to the gigacycle region.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-07-01

Extending the Benefits of Elemental Gear Inspection

It may not be widely recognized that most of the inspection data supplied by inspection equipment, following the practices of AGMA Standard 2015 and similar standards, are not of elemental accuracy deviations but of some form of composite deviations. This paper demonstrates the validity of this “composite” label by first defining the nature of a true elemental deviation and then, by referring to earlier literature, demonstrating how the common inspection practices for involute, lead (on helical gears), pitch, and, in some cases, total accumulated pitch, constitute composite measurements.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-05-01

In-Situ Measurement of Stresses in Carburized Gears via Neutron Diffraction

This paper presents the results of research directed at measuring the total stress in a pair of statically loaded and carburized spur gears. Measurements were made to examine the change in total stress as a function of externally applied load and depth below the surface.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-03-01

Grinding Induced Changes in Residual Stresses of Carburized Gears

This paper presents the results of a study performed to measure the change in residual stress that results from the finish grinding of carburized gears. Residual stresses were measured in five gears using the x-ray diffraction equipment in the Large Specimen Residual Stress Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
VOICES | 2007-09-01

Uncovering Core Competencies

How can a company grow its business or plan for growth when its niche area only accesses the smaller part of the pie?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-05-01

NASA's Return to Flight

Gear specialists at the NASA Glenn Research facility helped determine it was safe for the space shuttle to fly again.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2007-02-14

Newage Testing’s Microhardness System Contains Multi-Specimen Fixture and Positioning Tables

Newage Testing Instruments' introduced the new model CAMS-MSO multi-specimen microhardness testing system. The system can handle...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2005-05-01

New Approaches in Roll Testing Technology of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Sets

This paper presents a new approach in roll testing technology of spiral bevel and hypoid gear sets on a CNC roll tester applying analytical tools, such as vibration noise and single-flank testing technology.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2003-07-01

Product News

Complete Product News for July/August 2003.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-01-01

Gear Damage Detection Using Oil Debris Analysis

The purpose of this paper was to verify, when using an oil debris sensor, that accumulated mass predicts gear pitting damage and to identify a method to set threshold limits for damaged gears.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2002-11-01

Product News

Complete Product News for November/December 2002.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-07-01

Gear Surface Durability Development to Enhance Transmission Power Density

Gear pitting is one of the primary failure modes of automotive transmission gear sets. Over the past years, many alternatives have been intended to improve their gear surface durability. However, due to the nature of new process development, it takes a length of time and joint efforts between the development team and suppliers to investigate and verify each new approach.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-05-01

Carbide Hobbing Case Study

Bodine Electric Co. of Chicago, IL., has a 97-year history of fine-and medium-pitch gear manufacturing. Like anywhere else, traditions, old systems, and structures can be beneficial, but they can also become paradigms and obstacles to further improvements. We were producing a high quality product, but our goal was to become more cost effective. Carbide hobbing is seen as a technological innovation capable of enabling a dramatic, rather than an incremental, enhancement to productivity and cost savings.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2002-03-01

Gear Industry Barometers

A good sailor can predict when the weather is about to change. He uses simple tools to measure variables like air pressure, temperature and wind speed. Although those indicators can't perfectly forecast the weather, the sailor can get a good idea of what's going to happen by applying his experience, judgment and even his gut feelings.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-09-01

Gear Oil Micropitting Evaluation

During the last decade, industrial gear manufacturers, particularly in Europe, began to require documentation of micropitting performance before approving a gear oil for use in their equipment. The development of micropitting resistant lubricants has been limited both by a lack of understanding of the mechanism by which certain lubricant chemistry promotes micropitting and by a lack of readily available testing for evaluation of the micropitting resistance of lubricants. This paper reports results of two types of testing: (1) the use of a roller disk machine to conduct small scale laboratory studies of the effects of individual additives and combinations of additives on micropitting and (2) a helical gear test used to study micropitting performance of formulated gear oils.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2000-01-01

Software Bits Our New Products Special Edition

Software Bits for January/February 2000.
REVOLUTIONS | 1999-07-01

Revolutions

Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1997-09-01

Who's Who and What's What At Gear Expo '97

Below are listed the Gear Technology advertisers exhibiting at Gear Expo 97.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1997-07-01

M & M Precision, Penn State & NIST Team Up For Gear Metrology Research

In 1993, M & M Precision Systems was awarded a three-year, partial grant from the Advanced Technology Program of the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Working with Pennsylvania State University, M&M embarked on a technology development project to advance gear measurement capabilities to levels of accuracy never before achieved.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-07-01

Structural Analysis of Teeth With Asymmetrical Profiles

This article illustrates a structural analysis of asymmetrical teeth. This study was carried out because of the impossibility of applying traditional calculations to procedures involved in the specific case. In particular, software for the automatic generation of meshes was devised because existing software does not produce results suitable for the new geometrical model required. Having carried out the structural calculations, a comparative study of the stress fields of symmetrical and asymmetrical teeth was carried out. The structural advantages of the latter type of teeth emerged.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-05-01

Eddy Current Examination of Gear Systems

Nondestructive examination (NDE) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved an effective maintenance and anomaly characterization tool for many industries. Recent research has expanded its applicability to include the inspection of large, open gear drives. Difficulties inherent in other NDE methods make them time-consuming and labor-intensive. They also present the user with the environmental problem of the disposal of used oil. The eddy current method addresses these problems.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1996-07-01

geartechnology.com And Other Adventures

You've been reading about it, talking about it, maybe even trying it. Gear Technology has jumped aboard it feet first and begun a voyage on the World Wide Web. Beginning with this issue, an electronic version of the magazine will be online. For those of us who still find the fax machine amazing technology, this is a great leap.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-07-01

How to Avoid Errors When Measuring Step Gears

There are problems in dimensional measurement that should be simple to solve with standard measuring procedures, but aren't. In such cases, using accepted practices may result in errors of hundreds of microns without any warning that something is wrong.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-05-01

Minimizing Backlash in Spur Gears

simplified equations for backlash and roll test center distance are derived. Unknown errors in measured tooth thickness are investigate. Master gear design is outlined, and an alternative to the master gear method is described. Defects in the test radius method are enumerated. Procedures for calculating backlash and for preventing significant errors in measurement are presented.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-01-01

Design Guidelines for High-Capacity Bevel Gear Systems

The design of any gearing system is a difficult, multifaceted process. When the system includes bevel gearing, the process is further complicated by the complex nature of the bevel gears themselves. In most cases, the design is based on an evaluation of the ratio required for the gear set, the overall envelope geometry, and the calculation of bending and contact stresses for the gear set to determine its load capacity. There are, however, a great many other parameters which must be addressed if the resultant gear system is to be truly optimum. A considerable body of data related to the optimal design of bevel gears has been developed by the aerospace gear design community in general and by the helicopter community in particular. This article provides a summary of just a few design guidelines based on these data in an effort to provide some guidance in the design of bevel gearing so that maximum capacity may be obtained. The following factors, which may not normally be considered in the usual design practice, are presented and discussed in outline form: Integrated gear/shaft/bearing systems Effects of rim thickness on gear tooth stresses Resonant response
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-09-01

Full-Load Testing of Large Gearboxes Using Closed-Loop Power Circulation

This method of testing large gearboxes or, indeed, any power transmission element, had numerous advantages and offers the possibility of large savings in time, energy, and plant, if the overall situation is conducive to its use. This usually requires that several such units need to be tested, and that they can be conveniently connected to each to each other in such a way as to form a closed-loop drive train. No power sink is required, and the drive input system has only to make up power losses. The level of circulating power is controlled by the torque, which is applied statically during rotation, and the drive speed. Principles, advantage, and limitations are described, together with recent experiences in the only known large-scale usage of this technique in Australia.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-09-01

SPC Acceptance of Hobbing & Shaping Machines

Today, as part of filling a typical gear hobbing or shaping machine order, engineers are required to perform an SPC acceptance test. This SPC test, while it is contractually necessary for machine acceptance, is not a machine acceptance test. It is a process capability test. It is an acceptance of the machine, cutting tool, workholding fixture, and workpiece as integrated on the cutting machine, using a gear measuring machine, with its work arbor and evaluation software, to measure the acceptance elements of the workpiece.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1991-09-01

Single Flank Measuring; Estimating Horsepower Capacity

Question: What is functional measurement and what is the best method for getting truthful answers?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-05-01

The Lubrication of Gears - Part II

What follows is Part 2 of a three-part article covering the principles of gear lubrication. Part 2 gives an equation for calculating the lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication regime. An equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing, is also given.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1991-01-01

What Is Runout, And Why Should I Worry About It

Runout is a troublemaker! Good shop practice for the manufacture or inspection of gears requires the control of runout. Runout is a characteristic of gear quality that results in an effective center distance variation. As long as the runout doesn't cause loss of backlash, it won't hurt the function of the gear, which is to transmit smooth motion under load from one shaft to another. However, runout does result in accumulated pitch variation, and this causes non-uniform motion, which does affect the function of the gears. Runout is a radial phenomenon, while accumulated pitch variation is a tangential characteristic that causes transmission error. Gears function tangentially. It is also possible to have a gear with accumulated pitch variation, but little or no runout.
EVENTS | 1988-11-01

Technical Calendar

November 1-3. SME Gear Processing and Manufacturing Clinic, Sheraton Meridian, Indianapolis, IN. November 5-10. international Conference on Gearing, Zhengzhou, China
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-07-01

The Uses and Limitations of Transmission Error

The concept of "transmission error" is relatively new and stems from research work in the late 1950s by Gregory, Harris and Munro,(1) together with the need to check the accuracy of gear cutting machines. The corresponding commercial "single flank" testing equipment became available in the 1960s, but it was not until about ten years ago that it became generally used, and only recently has it been possible to test reliably at full load and full speed.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-11-01

Computer Aided Design for Gear Shaper Cutters

Computer programs have been developed to completely design spur and helical gear shaper cutters starting from the specifications of the gear to be cut and the type of gear shaper to be used. The programs generate the working drawing of the cutter and, through the use of a precision plotter, generate enlarge scaled layouts of the gear as produced by the cutter and any other layouts needed for its manufacture.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-09-01

Effects of Hob Quality and Resharpening Errors on Generating Accuracy

The modern day requirement for precision finished hobbed gears, coupled with the high accuracy characteristics of modern CNC hobbing machines, demands high tool accuracy.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-09-01

Selection of a Proper Ball Size to Check an Involute Spur or Helical Cear Tooth

A much-used method for checking the tooth thickness of an involute gear tooth is to measure the dimension over two balls placed in most nearly opposite spaces in the case of external gears, and the dimension between the balls in the case of internal gears. This measurement is then checked against a pre-calculated dimension to denote an acceptable part.
VOICES | 1987-07-01

No Surprise

For the last few years, the market has been tough for the U.S. gear industry. That statement will cause no one any surprise. The debate is about what to do. One sure sign of this is the enormous attention Congress and the federal government are now placing on "competitiveness."
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-05-01

Rotary Gear Honing

Rotary gear honing is a hard gear finishing process that was developed to improve the sound characteristics of hardened gears by: Removing nicks and burrs; improving surface finish; and making minor corrections in tooth irregularities caused by heat-treat distortion.
VOICES | 1987-05-01

Viewpoint

Joe Arvin comments on his recent trip to Scandinavia and how U.S. defense dollars are being spent overseas. J.D. Smith responds to an article on gear noise from the previous issue.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1986-09-01

Tooth Strength Study of Spur Planet Gears

In the design of any new gear drive, the performance of previous similar designs is very carefully considered. In the course of evaluating one such new design, the authors were faced with the task of comparing it with two similar existing systems, both of which were operating quite successfully. A problem arose, however, when it was realized that the bending stress levels of the two baselines differed substantially. In order to investigate these differences and realistically compare them to the proposed new design, a three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM) approach was applied to all three gears.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1986-07-01

Bevel Gear Development and Testing Procedure

The most conclusive test of bevel and hypoid gears is their operation under normal running conditions in their final mountings. Testing not only maintains quality and uniformity during manufacture, but also determines if the gears will be satisfactory for their intended applications.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-07-01

Effect of MoS2 Films on Scoring Resistance of Gears

Gears are currently run at high speed and under high load. It is a significant problem to develop lubricants and gears with high load-carrying capacity against scoring. The particles of molybdenum disulfide have been considered to increase the scoring resistance of the gears. The wear characteristics and the scoring resistance of the gears lubricated with MoS2 paste and MoS2 powder have been investigated. (1) However, there are few investigations on the performance of the gears coated with MoS2 film with respect to scoring.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-05-01

Identification of Gear Noise with Single Flank Composite Measurement

Anyone involved in the design, manufacture and use of gears is concerned with three general characteristics relative to their application: noise, accuracy, and strength or surface durability. In the article, we will be dealing with probably the most aggravating of the group, gear noise.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-09-01

Single Flank Data Analysis and Interpretation

Much of the information in this article has been extracted from an AGMA Technical Paper, "What Single Flank Testing Can Do For You", presented in 1984 by the author
VOICES | 1984-10-01

Single-Flank Testing

It was very interesting to see Robert Smith's article on single-flank testing of gears...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-05-01

Single Flank Testing of Gears

Presumably, everyone who would be interested in this subject is already somewhat familiar with testing of gears by traditional means. Three types of gear inspection are in common use: 1) measurement of gear elements and relationships, 2) tooth contact pattern checks and 3) rolling composite checks. Single Flank testing falls into this last category, as does the more familiar Double Flank test.
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