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Design

PRODUCT NEWS | 2025-02-24

KISSsoft System Module Offers Load Spectrum Calculation

The KISSsoft System Module is a user-friendly tool also for load spectrum calculation designed for gearboxes. It incorporates nominal boundary conditions, variable forces on shafts, gear shifts, and hence changes in the power flow and operating mode variations. This complexity allows comprehensive calculations based on actual operating data, such as vehicle simulations or in situ measurements.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-11-21

KISSsoft Offers Service Pack 2 from Current Software Release

KISSsoft has released a more comprehensive functionality with the Service Pack 2 from the current KISSsoft Release satisfying the increasing demand in key industries. This software supports scripts for a variety of tasks, such as creating custom user interfaces, automating report generation, and exporting data.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-11-12

David Brown Santasalo Listed as Top 100 Kirklees Companies for Fifth Consecutive Year

David Brown Santasalo has been recognized as one of the top 100 companies in the ‘Kirklees Top 100’ list for the fifth consecutive year. Now into its fifth year, the Kirklees Top 100 Companies initiative aims to raise the profile of the local business community and forge stronger links around topics of shared interest between the top 100 companies and partners, the University of Huddersfield, Business Kirklees and the 3M Buckley Innovation Center (3M BIC).

EVENT | 2024-10-16

Bauma 2025

From the digital construction site to alternative drives and tomorrow's construction methods, the most important topics will be discussed, and innovative solutions will be presented during Bauma 2025 (Munich). Topics include climate neutrality, drive concepts, digital construction, sustainability, and mining challenges. In view of the high-quality standards of innovation and relevance, it is not surprising that nearly 70 percent of Bauma visitors are top decision-makers in their companies. Bauma offers attendees the ideal opportunity to establish lucrative business relationships and to profitably network with the industry.

EVENT | 2024-09-18

Formnext 2024

Formnext (Frankfurt, Germany) is more than an exhibition and conference. It’s an entire platform for companies from the world of additive manufacturing. Here, a veritable who’s who from the realms of design and product development, industrial tooling, production solutions, quality management, and measurement technology comes together with leading providers in basic materials and component construction.

EVENT | 2024-09-18

Smart Production Solutions (SPS) 2024

With its unique concept, Smart Production Solutions (SPS) covers the entire spectrum of smart and digital automation – from simple sensors to intelligent solutions, from what is feasible today to the vision of a fully digitalized industrial world. SPS, located in Nuremberg, Germany, is an innovative platform for the automation industry with topics on control technology, electric drive systems, HMIs, software, sensors and mechanical infrastructure.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2024-07-23

Bevel Gear Speed Increasers

For cylindrical gears, speed-increasing transmission stages are well known, and regarding profile shift, preferred pressure angles, and helix angles a set of rules applies, which is not much different from the rules for speed reducers. It is important to acknowledge that basically, a speed increaser has to be designed just like a speed reducer, but then the gear with the lower number of teeth is the output. Of course, the torque and the speed of the gear with the lower number of teeth (output) and the gear with the higher number of teeth (input) must be the same as if this transmission was used as a speed reducer. In the case of straight bevel gears, spiral bevel gears, and hypoid gears the same rules apply with some additions. Spiral bevel gears have many applications as speed increasers.  

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PRODUCT NEWS | 2024-07-23

Schunk Enhances Automation Design with Digital Linear Modules

Schunk expands digital planning options for automated solutions with two new tools for designing and configuring linear modules. This easy access to expert knowledge is a further step towards offering customers an uncomplicated and secure way to customize design and quickly integrate it into the system planning.

VIDEO | 2024-06-03

Aerospace Grinding Summit Recap

United Grinding recaps a successful Aerospace Summit 2024 where the industry showcased the latest aerospace technologies and innovations.  Demos included grinding of nonferrous advanced aerospace material with dressable super abrasives on the MÄGERLE MFP 30, improving grinding performance through optimized dressing techniques, single-step finishing of multifeature and mixed-material shaft components containing hard coatings on the Studer S41 and much more! 

EVENT | 2024-06-03

Aachen Conference on Gear Production

Although gears have been indispensable components in various areas such as mechanical engineering, the automotive industry and industrial gear production for many decades, increasing requirements and current market developments are constantly presenting the drive technology sectors with new challenges. The aim of the Aachen Conference on Gear Production is an exchange of knowledge and experience between engineers who work in or are responsible for the design, development, production, assembly and application of gears.

EVENT | 2024-04-12

KISSsoft Basics for Cylindrical Gears, Shafts, Bearings, LTCA, and Intro to KISSdesign

This comprehensive four-day training course blends gear theory and practical experience. Participants will learn about the KISSsoft interface, cylindrical gear theory and strength calculation methods, using the shaft and bearing module, optimization of cylindrical gear macro and micro geometry, verification in Loaded-Tooth Contact Analysis (LTCA), and an introduction to the new system analysis tool, KISSdesign. This course includes a tour of the Gleason Works Rochester facility to experience practical examples on the shop floor. 


FEATURE ARTICLES | 2024-04-09

Delivering on the Promises of Digital Twins and Big Data

As a community, we gear engineers collaborate and share ideas to progress our collective capability. Technology progresses based on our efforts, and we have seen solid advances in the performance of our products as they become quieter, cheaper, more efficient, and more power dense. The pages of this magazine (past and present editions) are filled with examples where talented engineers have dug deeper into a subject using a more precise approach to a particular area concerning gear performance. The implied belief is always that greater precision (complexity) in the calculations brings greater accuracy (alignment with reality).

ADDENDUM | 2024-04-09

The Life and Times of Pi

Pi Day took place on March 14, 2024. Our friendly neighborhood constant is used in engineering to determine the dimensions of gears, wheels, and pipes. Pi is also used in computer science to generate random numbers for cryptography, simulation, and gaming. With a tip of the cap to math enthusiasts, we offer a quick cheat sheet to pi and its fascinating history.

EVENT | 2024-04-03

Rapid + TCT 2024

For more than 30 years, RAPID + TCT has defined the crucial role of additive manufacturing and industrial 3D printing by empowering the establishment of an industry that continues to conceive, test, improve and manufacture new products at a faster, more cost-efficient pace. SME and Rapid News Publications team up to produce the annual RAPID + TCT event. which will take place June 25-27 in Los Angeles, CA.

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EVENT | 2024-04-03

WZL Gear Conference USA

The 10th WZL Gear Conference - USA is being hosted by Gleason Corporation in Rochester NY and will provide the opportunity for North American companies to connect with WZL and learn about current research activities. For more than 50 years the annual WZL Gear Conference in Aachen, Germany, has been fostering technical collaboration and communication among the members of the WZL Gear Research Circle. The two-day conference is devoted exclusively to the presentation of the latest research in gear design, manufacturing and testing.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-03-26

KISSsoft New Release Available in April

The new KISSsoft release 2024 is coming soon! This April will bring you the new system module KISSdesign, accelerating the calculation of complex drive trains and replacing the previous KISSsys software.

EVENT | 2024-03-13

AISTech 2024

With 100+ technical sessions and more than 300+ individual presentations, AISTech attendees can plan their day around the conference schedule and learn about the latest products and processes happening in every aspect of the steelmaking process. Sessions include safety/health, environmental technology, cokemaking, ironmaking, sheet rolling, metallurgy, MRO, lubrication, material handling and more. Join this steel industry event in Columbus, OH from May 6-9, 2024, at the Greater Columbus Convention Center.

EVENT | 2024-03-08

CTI Symposium 2024

CO2 reduction is critical for automotive drivetrain. Here the battery electric drive using renewable energy is the focus. What can we do to increase efficiency and reliability, reduce cost and at the same time reduce the upstream CO2? At CTI Symposium USA 2024 the automotive industry discusses the challenges it faces and promising strategies. Latest solutions in the fields of electric drives, power electronics, battery systems, e-machines as well as the manufacturing of these components and supply chain improvements are presented. For the bigger picture market and consumer research results as well as infrastructure related topics supplement the exchange of expertise.

CTI Symposia drive the progress in individual and commercial automotive transportation. Manufacturer, suppliers and institutions are showing how to master the demanding challenges.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2024-02-20

KISSsoft Announces KISSdesign Webinar in March

The KISSdesign system module is a powerful tool for transmission modeling and analysis. MSc. Eng. Aissa Benykhlef from KISSsoft AG will guide attendees through the essential tools and functionalities required for building comprehensive models, with a special emphasis on the Sketcher and its versatile applications in various kinematic models.

FEATURE ARTICLES | 2023-12-11

The “Differential Difference” in E-Drives

Gleason's Coniflex® Pro Design and Manufacturing System for producing stronger, quieter, and more reliable e-drive differential gears in high volumes, for automotive, truck, bus and off-highway transmissions. It‘s the differential difference!

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-11-27

GWJ Technology Extends Calculation of Involute Splines

GWJ Technology GmbH introduces an extended version of the calculation module for involute splines within its web-based software solution eAssistant.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-11-06

KISSsoft Highlights Gear Mesh and Bearing Characteristic Frequencies

KISSsoft supports the user with numerous calculations for different machine elements. The new KISSdesign module in KISSsoft supports the combination of these machine elements in building complex system transmissions containing any number of shafts, gears, and bearings.  

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-10-05

Experimental Evaluation of Wind Turbine Gearbox Structural Models Using Fiber Optic Strain Sensors

The main objective of this study is to perform an experimental evaluation of the structural model of a five-planet first planetary stage from a modern 6MW wind turbine gearbox.

ADDENDUM | 2023-10-05

Three Degrees of Freedom

Three Degrees of Freedom: Notes on an active ball joint mechanism based on spherical gear meshing.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-10-03

KISSsoft Offers Plastics for the Calculation for Cylindrical and Crossed Axis Helical Gears

In KISSsoft, 97 (yes, ninety-seven!) plastics are available for calculation of cylindrical and crossed axis helical gears. The materials range from unreinforced POMs and PAs to high performance reinforced and internally lubricated materials. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-09-26

GWJ Technology Offers Integrated Solutions for Gears in 3D CAD Systems

GWJ Technology GmbH has introduced new versions of its integration modules for Solidworks, Autodesk Inventor and Solid Edge. In addition to comprehensive tooth form output in 2D DXF or 3D STEP/IGES for various gear types, GWJ also offers integration modules for its calculation solutions eAssistant and TBK in various 3D CAD systems.

EVENT | 2023-09-15

Aachen Forum on Gear Production

In this seminar, attendees will learn about gearing, electromobility and their interrelationships. How gearing can increase the efficiency and performance of electromobility, and which components are needed for this. Also, a detailed look at the design and manufacture of gears for electric vehicles. Attendees will explore the challenges of gearing for electromobility, such as adapting to hard-to-reach places, increasing durability, and reducing energy consumption, and discuss how grinding technology and tool design must meet requirements to improve the properties and improve the quality of gears for electric vehicles. The Aachen Forum on Gear Production (AFGP) is held annually in alternation with the Aachen Conference on Gear Production (ACGP). While the Forum at the RWTH Aachen Campus is dedicated to a technical focus (2023 the interlocking in the E-Mobility sector) the conference, on the other hand, is dedicated to various facets of gear technology.

PRODUCT NEWS | 2023-08-31

KISSsoft Offers LTCA Feature in Software Update

The loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) is crucial in understanding the deformation of gears and its impact on various factors such as noise generation, contact patterns, contact shocks, and torque variations. With the contact analysis feature in KISSsoft, users can calculate tooth contact under specific torque and speed levels, thereby assessing the performance of gears and gearboxes.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-07-26

Croix Gear Announces New Look

Croix Gear, recognized as a leader in the custom manufacturing of loose gears, is excited to announce new branding for the organization. Ruthie Johnston, CEO/Owner, stated, “We are excited to have our brand reflect how Croix Gear has grown and developed over the past several years. It is a new look, but the same commitment to our customers, team members and industry.”

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-07-14

KISSsoft Releases Training Schedule Through 2023

In KISSsoft's scheduled trainings until December 2023, attendees will find introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-06-20

Analytical Determination of Range of Number of Teeth in Generating Non-Involute Tooth Forms Using Fixed Reference Profiles

The toothed belt and pulley system known by the designation T, which has been selected as an example within this paper, was developed in the 1950s and standardized first in DIN 7721 (1977) and then in ISO 17396:2014. In this case study, the authors check if a single hob can properly cut T5 profile pulleys with 25 and 30 teeth—and if
so, define the range of the number of teeth covered by this hob.

EVENT | 2023-06-02

International Conference on Gear Production 2023

As an accompanying event to the International Conference on Gears 2023, the 5th International Conference on Gear Production is one of the most important biannual meeting points for the gear manufacturing industry both for technical experts and for decision-makers. Current challenges and solutions are presented and discussed, strongly emphasizing new potentials in productivity and/or the flexibility of gear manufacturing processes.

EVENT | 2023-05-12

Motion + Power Technology Expo 2023

Produced by AGMA, Motion + Power Technology Expo (Detroit) is a three-day show that connects professionals looking for motion power solutions with manufacturers, suppliers, and buyers. Attendees will find new power transmission parts, materials, and manufacturing processes. Buy, sell, and get business done with organizations in aerospace, automotive, agricultural, energy, construction and more.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-04-27

KISSsoft Offers FKM Shaft Strength Calculation

In the KISSsoft shaft calculation, the proof of fatigue strength can be performed by generating an equivalent stress verification according to the FKM Guideline.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-04-14

Conjugate Gears

The conjugacy of meshing gears is one of the most important attributes of gears because it ensures a constant velocity ratio that gives smooth, uniform transmission of motion and torque. Some of the world’s greatest gear theoreticians like Earle Buckingham, Wells Coleman, and John Colbourne laid the foundation for understanding conjugacy. Their teachings and interpretations of the law of gearing have been used by generations of gear engineers to design and manufacture gear transmissions for almost everything that is mechanically actuated. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-04-06

KISSsoft Expands Fine Sizing Capabilities with Release 2023

In an urgent assignment, a gear has to be designed, with the engineer already knowing the required reduction ratio, torque and speed. On the manufacturing side, the preferred materials, possible qualities and the reference profiles are specified. This initial situation represents an everyday task.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-04-04

Liebherr Examines 2022 Business Outlook

Difficult general conditions, rapidly rising food and fuel prices, as well as the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and related regional lockdowns weighed on economic development and slowed economic growth in the past business year. Nevertheless, Liebherr’s total revenue increased significantly compared to the previous year. The group achieved increased revenue in 10 of its 13 product segments, some of them significant. It thus surpassed its previous record from 2021 by €950 million.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-04-04

Profile: Gleason Plastic Gears (GPG)

In this interview, we learn about Gleason Plastic Gears (GPG), a division of Gleason Corporation that specializes in designing and manufacturing plastic gears using their proprietary no-weldline technology. GPG has diversified its customer base and serves various industries such as automotive, medical, electronics, home and leisure, marine, education, and hobby. The interview covers topics such as the advantages of the no-weldline technology, surprising applications where plastic gears are replacing metal gears, promising materials and methods for the future of plastic gears, challenges faced by plastic gear designers, and recent developments in services, software, and manufacturing technology. 

PRODUCT NEWS | 2023-03-24

KISSsoft Release 2023 Available in April

The new KISSsoft release 2023 comes with numerous novelties. Among others, Gear Mesh Frequencies (GMF) can now be calculated for cylindrical and bevel gears. GMF results are visualized in two different diagrams, i.e. GMF versus rotational frequency of the reference gear, and GMF versus amplitude.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-03-14

Hansen Industrial Transmissions NV Celebrates its 100th Anniversary

What started as a small workshop in Antwerp in 1923 has developed into a world-leading industrial gear unit manufacturer. For 100 years, Hansen Industrial Transmissions NV (HIT) has operated at the forefront of power transmission technology and shaped the industry with its industrial gearbox solutions. Since 2011, the company, headquartered at a state-of-the-art facility in Edegem with 260 employees, has been part of Sumitomo Drive Technologies. HIT supplies industrial gearboxes to a wide range of industries such as extraction material handling, energy, environment, and specialist applications in key industries.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-03-13

Velo3D Named to Fast Company’s Annual List of the World’s Most Innovative Companies for 2023

Velo3D, Inc. has been named to Fast Company’s prestigious annual list of the World’s Most Innovative Companies for 2023. The company received the award because of how its technology is being used by innovative companies in key industries like new space, semiconductor and energy, which rely on advanced manufacturing technologies to build next-generation products. 

PRODUCT NEWS | 2023-03-01

FVA-Workbench 8.0 Released

The latest version offers a wide range of powerful new features, from a new gear design module, to the influence of the wheel body during a complete rollover, to new display options for 3D images and animation of the gearbox kinematics in reports.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-03-01

Gleason's e-Drive Days Are Here

Join Gleason's special online event to learn about design, manufacturing and inspection of e-Drive gears. The three day event features one topic per day addressing the specific requirements and challenges of e-Drive transmission manufacture, with particular attention to minimizing gear noise.

EVENT | 2023-03-01

Gleason e-Drive Days 2023

Gleason's e-Drive Days online webinar addresses the specific requirements and challenges of e-Drive transmission manufacture, with particular attention to minimizing gear noise. The event showcases the latest developments in design, simulation, cutting and hard finishing, as well as suitable inspection and analysis tools to achieve most efficient and quiet gears. Day one examines gearbox design and optimization; day two looks at the manufacturing of e-Drive gears; day three offers in-process inspection and gear noise analysis. 

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-02-21

Mechanical Power Loss of Spur Gears Subject to Various Surface Finish Pairings

Mechanical power loss in gears is generated through sliding and rolling of the contact resulting in frictional work and elastic hysteresis generation of heat. This action is both a parasitic loss of energy from the drivetrain and a source of engineering costs to control system temperature to avoid heat-related failures of the gearbox components. Therefore, from both a cost and durability standpoint it is of great interest to minimize the frictional losses at the gear tooth contact interface.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2023-02-21

Aspects of Gear Noise, Quality, and Manufacturing Technologies for Electromobility

In modern automotive vehicles, gear noise becomes more and more of an issue. The main reason is the reduced masking noise of the engine, which vanishes completely in the case of an electric driveline. Improved gear quality unfortunately does not correlate with a better noise performance in any case. High gear quality makes sure that the gear flanks are inside tight tolerances and that all teeth are nearly identical. Even if the running behavior of such gear sets shows a very low sound pressure level, the noise perception for human ears may be annoying.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-02-02

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives: Nidec Machine Tool America

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives takes an in-depth look at the challenges and opportunities in gear manufacturing today and in the future. Our fourth installment online is an interview with Scott Knoy, vice president of sales at Nidec Machine Tool America. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-02-01

KISSsoft Adds Data Export from Contact Analysis

Contact analysis can be used to calculate the transmission error and determine the profile modifications of a gear stage. In addition, a wide range of important gear-specific parameters can be calculated, such as tooth root stress, distribution of Hertzian pressure, oil film thickness, and many more.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-01-31

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives: Liebherr

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives takes an in-depth look at the challenges and opportunities in gear manufacturing today and in the future. Our third installment online is an interview with Peter Wiedemann, managing director, Liebherr-Verzahntechnik GmbH and Scott Yoders, vice president sales, Liebherr Gear Technology, Inc. 


INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-01-30

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives: Klingelnberg

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives takes an in-depth look at the challenges and opportunities in gear manufacturing today and in the future. Our second installment online is an interview with Christof Gorgels, vice president, innovation and technology at Klingelnberg. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-01-27

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives: Gleason Corporation

State of the Gear Industry Perspectives takes an in-depth look at the challenges and opportunities in gear manufacturing today and in the future. Our first installment online is an interview with Udo Stolz, vice president of sales and marketing at Gleason Corporation.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-01-17

MPIF Announces Distinguished Service Award Recipients

The Metal Powder Industries Federation's (MPIF) Awards Committee has announced the recipients of the 2023 MPIF Distinguished Service to Powder Metallurgy (PM) Award that recognizes individuals who have actively served the North American PM industry for at least 25 years and, in the minds of their peers, deserve special recognition.

EVENT | 2023-01-17

AGMA Gearbox CSI

A good understanding of individual failure modes and the failure scenarios that led to the actual system failure is an essential skill to designing gear/bearing systems that will operate properly for their full design life. In this course, we will define and explain the nature of many gear and bearing failures and we will also discuss and describe various actual failure scenarios. In addition, a detailed primer on bearing technology prefaces the failure scenario discussions. You will gain a better understanding of various types of gears and bearings. Learn about the limitation and capabilities of rolling element bearings and the gears that they support.  Grasp an understanding of how to properly apply the best gear-bearing combination to any gearbox from simple to complex.

EVENT | 2023-01-17

AGMA Gear Manufacturing and Inspection

While function and rating are important factors in a successful gear design, to be truly optimal and successful, the gear designer must also design the gears to be manufactured and inspected. In this course, therefore, we will address key factors in a wide variety of manufacturing and inspection processes to enable the gear designer to better design optimal gears considering both rating and the necessary manufacturing and inspection processes to produce the gears as designed. We will also help the designer to understand how to interpret inspection data so that they can ensure that the gears meet the design. To be clear, this is not a course in how to operate the various machines. Rather it addresses the design provisions that are required to allow the gears to be optimally manufactured and inspected. The learner will develop a broad understanding of the methods used to manufacture and inspect gears, as well as interpret how the resultant information can be applied and interpreted in the design process.

EVENT | 2023-01-12

KISSsoft Training - Basic: Gear Calculation

In the KISSsoft training program until summer 2023, you will find introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics. KISSsoft will be offering training in Bubikon, Switzerland and live streams, which will allow you flexibility and planning security, as well as the opportunity to interactively ask questions and participate in discussions in a virtual setting.

EVENT | 2023-01-12

KISSsoft Training - Basic: Shaft and Bearing Calculation

In the KISSsoft training program until summer 2023, you will find introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics. KISSsoft will be offering training in Bubikon, Switzerland and live streams, which will allow you flexibility and planning security, as well as the opportunity to interactively ask questions and participate in discussions in a virtual setting.

EVENT | 2023-01-12

KISSsoft Training - Basic: KISSsys - Modeling Gearboxes

In the KISSsoft training program until summer 2023, you will find introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics. KISSsoft will be offering training in Bubikon, Switzerland and live streams, which will allow you flexibility and planning security, as well as the opportunity to interactively ask questions and participate in discussions in a virtual setting.

EVENT | 2023-01-12

KISSsoft - Advanced: KISSsys - System Calculations

In the KISSsoft training program until summer 2023, you will find introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics. KISSsoft will be offering training in Bubikon, Switzerland and live streams, which will allow you flexibility and planning security, as well as the opportunity to interactively ask questions and participate in discussions in a virtual setting.

EVENT | 2023-01-12

KISSsoft Training - KISSsys - Model Customization

In the KISSsoft training program until summer 2023, you will find introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics. KISSsoft will be offering training in Bubikon, Switzerland and live streams, which will allow you flexibility and planning security, as well as the opportunity to interactively ask questions and participate in discussions in a virtual setting.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2023-01-11

Auto Gear Joins Gear Motions

Gear Motions is proud to announce that Auto Gear Inc. has joined the Gear Motion’s family. Auto Gear located in Syracuse, New York, specializes in efficient and economical low-volume gearbox production, from design to delivery. 

EVENT | 2023-01-11

Gear Dynamics & Gear Noise Short Course

The 4-day Gear Dynamics & Gear Noise Short Course will be held on the Ohio State campus from June 5-8, 2023. The course content is based on the results of 30+ years of gearing research, problem solving and consulting work by the OSU faculty. The course will be taught in the “in-person” mode with limited enrollment, with no online component.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-12-27

AGMA FTM Papers Deadline is Approaching

Those who wish to make submissions for the 2023 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting (FTM) have until January 13, 2023. Late submissions will not be accepted.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-12-22

Desktop Metal Offers Open House to See Production System P-50 Print Metal Parts

The Production System P-50 is designed to be the fastest way to 3D print metal parts at-scale. Powered by Desktop Metal's Single Pass Jetting technology, the P-50 can achieve speeds up to 100 times those of legacy powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technologies and enable production quantities of up to millions of parts per year at costs competitive with conventional mass production techniques.

VIDEO | 2022-12-15

Marposs OptoCloud EDU

Marposs OptoCloud EDU (Electric Drive Unit) is the latest generation of 3D precision inspection solutions, designed for the Electrical Vehicle Industry and its unprecedented quality assurance processes. OptoCloud EDU is capable to reconstruct the 3D model of complex and articulated workpieces and automatically execute measurements and vision inspection tasks.

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-12-07

Dimensional Control Systems (DCS) Examines E-Powertrain Electric Motor Geartrain Simulated Testing with the Digital Twin

The performance of an Electric Vehicle Power Unit is directly connected with critical tolerances. Tolerances drive opportunities for performance enhancement with cost reduction. The tests normally used to determine and validate tolerances are both expensive and time consuming with prototype parts. By replacing the initial tests with Digital Twin simulations, results can be obtained quickly, and at a much lower cost. This article discusses one of these tests and the results. 

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2022-12-05

Use of Duty Cycles or Measured Torque—Time Data with AGMA Ratings

Variable loads resulting from a working process, starting process, or operation near a critical speed will cause varying stresses at the gear teeth of a drive system. The magnitude and frequency of these loads depend upon the driven machine, the motor, the dynamic mass elastic properties of the system, and other effects.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2022-12-05

Tooth Root Load Capacity of Additive Manufactured Gears

Due to near-net shape production, additive-manufactured (AM) gears have a high potential to decrease costs and increase resource efficiency. The decreasing product life cycles as well as the increasing individualization of components demand high flexibility in manufacturing processes

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-12-01

Chiron Applies AM Coating Solution to Brake Disks

How can the protective layer be applied to the brake disk more quickly and more effectively? And how can it be made to stay on for longer? “The solution is intelligent coatings, as can be applied to brake disks using our AM coating system” says Dr. Géza Koscsák - the head of additive mat the Chiron Group. He has played a prominent role in developing the new system and reaching the decision to opt for the high-speed deposition welding process in his previous job as head of advanced development. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-11-30

AGMA Partners with India’s Premier Communications Company

The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) is partnering with Virgo Communications & Exhibitions to publish Gear Technology India, the Indian branch of the Gear Technology magazine.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-11-15

GWJ Technology Releases Latest Version of SystemManager

GWJ Technology GmbH presents the new version of its system calculation software SystemManager as an extension of its well-known solutions eAssistant as a web solution and TBK as a classic desktop application.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-11-08

E-Drive Design with KISSsoft and RecurDyn on November 22, 2022

Electric vehicles could represent up to 70% of all cars by 2050. To ensure the acceptance of their vibrational and acoustical characteristics, profound NVH analysis is the key to minimize vehicle excitations caused by specific e-drive transmission designs.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-10-26

transformers @JIMTOF2022

At JIMTOF 2022, from November 8 to 13, Gleason presents the latest gear design, manufacturing, and inspection systems in challenging times of transformation. Exhibits and live streams include KISSsoft’s design software release 2022, new gear chamfer cutting technologies, hard finishing of gears by superfinish honing; combination honing and polish grinding; hobbing; and gear skiving on one flexible platform, revolutionary gear metrology systems with laser scanning, sub-micron inspection and in-process gear inspection with integrated gear noise analysis.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-09-28

ZF Wind Power and R&D Test Systems to Develop 30MW Test Bench

In its largest order to date, Danish wind turbine test specialist R&D Test Systems will develop the 30 MW powertrain and gearbox test bench for ZF Wind Power’s future “Test & Prototype Center” at Lommel, Belgium, that will house the world’s most powerful validation test bench for wind turbines. 

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-09-20

GWJ Technology Optimizes SystemManager

GWJ Technology GmbH introduces a new version of SystemManager as an extension of eAssistant as a web solution and TBK as a classic desktop application.

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-09-09

KISSsoft Offers Manufacturing Deviations and Flank Waviness Estimations

With the help of KISSsoft, the user can now estimate the influence of manufacturing deviation on the resulting transmission error and excitation force.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-09-06

Calculation Software TBK: New Enhancements for Gearings

GWJ Technology GmbH, calculation specialist from Braunschweig, Germany, has introduced a new version of its TBK desktop solution with numerous enhancements, especially in the field of gears.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-08-12

What happens if science proves engineering wrong?

Different ways of looking at the involute and developing gears from theoretical principles can help optimize designs, especially when considering nontraditional manufacturing methods such as 3D printing or injection molding, where the tooth form doesn't need to be generated by a straight-sided cutting tool.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-08-05

GROB Announces Machining Video Series

GROB Systems has announced a new YouTube Video Series called “Machine Minutes with GROB.” New technical tutorial and informational videos will be released regularly and will focus on three primary topics including Machine Design/ Building, Machine Applications, and Machine Maintenance and Inspection. The videos will generally range from two to eight minutes in length.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-07-29

Dontyne Introduces Latest Gear Design Services at IMTS 2022

Dontyne Gears is looking forward to IMTS to promote the company’s range of gear design services developed during COVID restrictions. Dontyne Gears continues to work with companies to complete design projects including CAD models and drawings if required. They recently purchased an Okuma Genos 5-axis to add to the Osaka Siemitsu high accuracy gear inspection center already in house for prototyping. As well as cylindrical gears it is possible to produce straight, spiral, and hypoid bevels. The work is facilitated by using Gear Production Suite from Dontyne Systems to generate tool forms, G-code, and inspection protocols which can be used by the machines. 

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-07-22

KISSsoft Examines Bevel Gear Strength Rating

Strength rating of bevel gears according to standards such as ISO, AGMA, etc. is executed based on virtual cylindrical gears, only modified by a few specific bevel gear factors. The rating methods of these standards also include the calculation of permissible stresses and finally result in safety factors. 

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-07-08

SMT Announces North America User Forum

2022 marks the 20th Anniversary of SMT’s focus on providing the tools and knowledge to drive engineering innovation in gearbox system analysis. With this historic company anniversary, the company has announced the return of the North America User Forum.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-06-30

KISSsoft Expands Training Program

Attendees will find KISSsoft introductory training courses, advanced training courses and special training courses on selected topics in 2022.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-06-28

Siemens Digital Industries Software Releases Latest Version of NX

Siemens Digital Industries Software recently announced that the latest release of Siemens’ NX software brings greater electronic co-design, collaboration, and intelligence capture and reuse capability. These empower engineering executives across every industry to find productivity improvements and greater efficiencies in their engineering departments.

PRODUCT NEWS | 2022-06-09

KISSsoft 2022 Available June 21

The new KISSsoft Release 2022 provides numerous innovations - amongst others, in order to include the tooth fatigue limit in the verification, the information can be generated from time series.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-06-03

Hexagon Offers ePowertrain Webinar Series

Hexagon offers a three-part E-mobility webinar series highlighting the use of engineering simulation tools and methods to rapidly evaluate numerous ePowertrain designs. This webinar series will showcase how an EV gearbox is designed from scratch and developed to meet design requirements.

EVENT | 2022-06-01

AGMA Gear Materials

Learn what is required for the design of an optimum gear set and the importance of the coordinated effort of the gear design engineer, the gear metallurgist, and the bearing system engineer. Investigate gear-related problems, failures and improved processing procedures. Class hours are from 8:00 am - 5:00 pm.

EVENT | 2022-06-01

Addit3D

Addit3D-International Additive Manufacturing and 3D Fair (Barakaldo, Spain) will feature almost 230 products, services and innovations. Exhibitors include advanced systems and machinery and 3D printing, equipment and printers, industrial applications, raw materials, consumables, 3D printing services, software, 3D scanners, and R&D and training

TECH TALK | 2022-05-19

Two New AGMA Publications

AGMA is happy to announce the publication of two new documents: AGMA 925-B22, Effect of Tribology and Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress, written by a subcommittee of the AGMA Helical Gear Rating Committee, and, AGMA 943-A22, Tolerances for Spur and Helical Racks, written by the AGMA Gear Accuracy Committee.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2022-05-19

Defining the Tooth Flank Temperature in High-Speed Gears

The objective of this paper is to improve the methodology for determining the tooth flank temperature. Two methods are proposed for assessing scuffing risk when applying AGMA 925 for high-speed gears. Both methods provide similar results.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-05-18

Thinking Outside the Box

A gear industry outsider has come up with what he thinks is an entirely new way of thinking about and designing gear systems. What do you think?

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-05-17

KISSsoft Software Available for Diverse Applications

The calculation program KISSsoft and its system add-on are used in a wide variety of applications: They are used for industrial gear units, the automotive industry, the energy sector, aerospace, shipping and numerous other special fields.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-05-12

SMT Offers Training Workshop on Improving MASTA Model Fidelity

SMT's May workshops aim to give attendees the tips and tricks needed to further improve the fidelity of the MASTA model. In this workshop, SMT engineers will go through some of the tools available including:

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-04-22

KISSsoft for Gear Manufacturing

KISSsoft is a well-known software system that addresses gear manufacturing as a holistic process. With over 4,000 licenses sold worldwide, its functionality is dedicated to gear manufacturing and gear inspection and makes it easier for engineers—in the areas of calculation, manufacturing, and quality assurance—to collaborate and exchange data.

EVENT | 2022-04-13

AGMA Gearbox Systems Design

This course focuses the supporting elements of a gearbox that allow gears and bearings to do their jobs most efficiently. Learn about seals, lubrication, lubricants, housings, breathers, and other details that go into designing gearbox systems.

EVENT | 2022-04-13

AGMA Basic Gear Inspection for Operators

This course will provide a solid foundation for anyone going into gear inspection. Learn the common, current and basics of the tools and techniques used to measure and inspect gears. Understand the four main categories by which a gear is evaluated and classified.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-03-02

Wendy Young (1952 - 2022)

VIDEO | 2022-02-28

Laser Gear Inspection with Douglas Beerck of Gleason

Gear Technology Associate Editor Alex Cannella sits down with Douglas Beerck of Gleason Metrology at IMTS 2018 to discuss the latest technology in inline laser gear inspection. This video is part of the Revolutions series on Gear Technology TV.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-02-08

Verisurf Software 2022 Available for Download

Verisurf Software, Inc. announces its new 2022 release is now available for download. All new and current customers with valid maintenanc...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-02-04

Nitrex to Present Gear Life and Performance Webinar

The webinar “Improvement of Gear Life and Performance” by Nitrex takes place Thursday, March 3, 2022. This presentation is a ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-01-27

KISSsoft Includes FEM Calculations

FEM calculations have been included in KISSsoft on a long-term basis. For the calculation of planet carriers, gear body deflections and g...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-01-11

LK Metrology Software Update Inspects Gears Automatically

Coordinate measuring machine (CMM) manufacturer LK Metrology has introduced a third release of its CAMIO 2021 programming and measurement...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2022-01-07

GWJ Technology Adds Online Calculation for Hirth Couplings

GWJ Technology GmbH, calculation specialist from Braunschweig, has added a new module to its web-based calculation software eAssistant - ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-12-07

Marposs Announces NVH Gear Tester

Marposs has announced its NVH Gear Tester for identifying potential gear defects at the component level prior to gearbox assembly. The NV...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-11-10

Renishaw Announces Expanded CMM Software Offering with Verisurf Agreement

Renishaw has entered into an agreement with Verisurf Software Inc., allowing companies in North America to access Verisurf coordinate mea...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-11-05

SMT Announces Bearings in MASTA Webinar

SMT’s November webinar discusses the implementation of bearings in MASTA and aims to give an overview of methodology along with ava...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-11-01

Investigation of the Potential of Using Surrogate Models in the Gear Design Process

The aim of this report is to investigate the potential of using surrogate models within the gear design process.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2021-11-01

The Move Toward Systematic Design

E-Mobility is changing the gear market at an incredibly rapid pace. Software is adapting to meet these new challenges.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-10-21

Mitsubishi Electric Introduces Software Solutions for CNC Machines

The future of manufacturing is ‘smart’. The factories of tomorrow will use data-driven insights to create predictive cyber-ph...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-10-20

Sandvik Coromant Launches Software Module for Controlled Chip Breaking

Sandvik Coromant has unveiled a new machining method that enables controlled chip breaking in thread turning applications. Launched withi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-10-14

KISSsoft and SKF Collaborate on Bearing Calculation

KISSsoft and SKF have joint forces once more: In the KISSsoft Release 2021, the shaft module allows bearing calculations to be performed ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-10-08

FVA and AVL Collaborate on Virtual Gear Design Software Tools

FVA and AVL have announced they are joining forces to support their customers in developing virtual transmissions at the highest level. T...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-10-05

Hexagon Spotlights NCSIMUL Software at Canadian Manufacturing Technology Show

Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence division will feature NCSIMUL, a high-performance G-code certification and optimization softwa...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-10-04

SMT Announces NVH in MASTA Online Training Workshop

SMT's next online training workshop discusses NVH in MASTA. SMT will take a look at the underlying theory of MASTA's NVH calculat...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-09-22

Direct Gear Design Receives Significant Upgrade

The 2nd edition of the Direct Gear Design book is now available at CRC Press and Amazon. This book presents a unique alternative to tradi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-09-20

KUKA Robotics Launches Latest Digital Simulation Software Package

KUKA Robotics has launched KUKA.Sim 4.0, a major enhancement of its modular digital simulation software package. This latest version faci...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-09-08

LK Metrology Releases Latest Version of CAMIO CMM Software

LK Metrology has announced the release of the latest version of its measurement, programming, analysis and reporting CMM software. Now ca...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-09-02

KISSsoft Examines Gear Strength Calculation with Load Collectives

Load spectra can be derived from time series - a measured time-torque-speed curve or one derived from simulations. For time series with o...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2021-09-01

MPIF Examines State of the Powder Metal Industry

Thanks to material development and additive manufacturing opportunities, it’s important for the gear and power transmission industries to monitor the trends, technologies and future forecasts in the powder metal market.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-09-01

Psychoacoustic Optimization of Gear Noise - Chaotic Scattering of Micro Geometry and Pitch on Cylindrical Gears

A validated simulation model is used to analyze more in-depth investigations into the influence of a stochastic course of the pitch error on the quasi-static excitation behavior.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2021-09-01

The Undercut Phenomenon

“It appears that undercut can be eliminated in some cases but in most cases, the elimination of undercut, for example by increasing the root fillet radii of a pinion, results in performance problems in the operation with its mate. My question is, when can I eliminate undercut and why is it not possible in most cases?”
VOICES | 2021-09-01

MPT EXPO 2021: Moving Industry Forward in Tough Times

On behalf of the AGMA Board of Directors, Show Committee and our 123 exhibiting companies — thank you for supporting Motion + Power Technology Expo 2021 (MPT Expo).
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-08-20

Liebherr Offers LHInspect Software for WGT Series

After acquiring the highly efficient software from metrotek, Liebherr will be offering it under the name LHInspect for use on the WGT ser...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-08-03

Solar Race Car Utilizes Siemens Digital Software Solutions

Siemens Digital Industries Software is sponsoring Team Sonnenwagen Aachen– a German student initiative focused on developing new su...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-08-01

Understanding and Controlling the Source of Gear Noise

Addressing one of the most talked about noise sources — gears.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-07-22

Siemens Digital Acquires FORAN Software Business

Siemens Digital Industries Software recently announced it has signed an agreement with Spain-based SENER, a leading multinational company...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-07-15

KISSsoft Offers Crossed Helical Gear Calculations

The gear calculation in KISSsoft covers all common gear types such as cylindrical, bevel, hypoid, worm, beveloid, crown and crossed helic...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-07-01

Industry News

The latest news from Krebs & Riedel, Martin Kapp, QuesTek and more.
ADDENDUM | 2021-07-01

Are You Ready for Your Next In-Person Meeting?

Business travel is back, and if you’re serious about impressing your customers, colleagues and co-workers, then you need to look the part.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-07-01

Single Tooth Bending Fatigue Testing at any R Ratio

Evaluation of the bending fatigue performance (stress to life relationship) of different gear materials subject to various manufacturing processes and why subsequent post processing treatments are of significance to gear and transmission designers.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-06-22

Open Mind Introduces Latest hyperMILL Software Suite

Open Mind Technologies AG has introduced its latest hyperMILL 2021.2 CAD/CAM software suite which offers users innovative and enhanced fe...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-06-09

SMT Offer Training Workshop: Optimization Tools in MASTA

SMT's June workshops discuss MASTA's wide ranging optimization tools, a selection of features which simplify the optimization pro...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-06-01

Hybrid Metrology with Klingelnberg

An overview of tactile and optical metrology

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-06-01

Industry News

The latest news from Nordex, Gleason, Solar Atmospheres, and more.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-06-01

Changes in ISO 6336:2019 - Parts 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6

Changes in the third edition of parts 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 compared to the previous edition (from the year 2006 for parts 1, 2, 3, 6 and from the year 2003 for part 5).
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2021-06-01

The Measure of Success

Software advancements in gear metrology/inspection.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-05-28

MSC Software Announces Wind Power and Sustainability Webinar Series

MSC Software, a part of Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence division, announced it will host an eight-part webinar series covering...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-05-17

Gleason Strengthens North American Sales Team

Gleason has added to its North American sales team in order to support increased customer activity in several market sectors growing in i...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-05-14

Advantages of Chamfering

State-of-the-Art Chamfer Cutting Technologies for Cylindrical Gears
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-05-11

KISSsoft Offers Material Influence on Gear Strength

Material definitions prove to be fundamentally complex: In the standards for strength calculations for gears, numerous influences - such ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-05-06

Open Mind Celebrates 25 Years of CAM Software Innovation

Open Mind Technologies USA, Inc., the North American subsidiary of Open Mind Technologies AG, announced it is celebrating its 25th annive...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2021-05-01

Gear Noise Cause of a Different Stripe

“ It is very hard to find out any paper regarding ‘tiger stripes’ failure, created by electrical discharge current over the gear teeth.” I wish to have some more information on this issue + how it affects the vibration / noise signatures; why does it creates the tiger stripes profile; how deep are the pittings; why does it create the noise and the possibility of running a gear with this failure?”
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-05-01

Material Properties and Tooth Root Bending Strength of Shot Blasted, Case Carburized Gears with Alternative Microstructures

Selected results of research project concerning the above mentioned material properties and tooth root bending strength.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2021-05-01

Product News

Gear-related new technology from Liquidtool Manager, Marposs, EDM Intelligent Solutions, Helios Gear Products, Kapp Niles Metrology and more.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-04-27

SMT Offers NVH Correlation Webinar

SMT's next webinar "NVH Correlation Tips & Tricks" takes place  May 5, 2021 1:00 - 2:00 pm (BST) and will be prese...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-04-26

ANCA Provides Complete Skiving Cutter Solution for EV Transmissions

ANCA's TX and MX machines offer skiving cutter sharpening

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-04-21

Shell Selects Siemens Polarion Software for Capital Projects Data

Siemens Digital Industries Software recently announced that Royal Dutch Shell has selected Polarion Requirements software as the foundati...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-04-09

Mitutoyo Releases PJ-Plus Profile Projector Series

Mitutoyo America Corporation is pleased to announce the release of the PJ-Plus Profile Projector Series.The Mitutoyo PJ-Plus is a new ser...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-04-08

Marposs Announces Merlin Plus Standalone Gauging Software

Marposs has announced the standalone availability of Merlin Plus gauging software. Formerly only embedded in Merlin hardware devices, thi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-31

Matthews Automation Introduces Warehouse Execution System Software

Matthews Automation Solutions, a provider of warehouse automation systems and software, is introducing their new NEXUS Warehouse Executio...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-25

KISSsoft Fits Individual Software Needs with Customization

One of the key aspects in modern software development is to give end users sufficient freedom to adapt their working environment to indiv...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-23

Liebherr Expands Generating and Profile Grinding Technology

Liebherr recently introduced a new series of generating and profile grinding machines for hard machining of external and internal gears o...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2021-03-03

That's All, Folks!

All good things come to an end. Sadly, that is the case regarding Chuck Schultz’s blog, whi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-03

Tribute Software Announces Organizational Changes

Tribute Software provides integrated ERP software solutions and is under the Volaris and Constellation family of companies.The company re...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-02

MHI Introduces Gear Shaping Machine for Small-Module Gears Used in Robots

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Machine Tool Co., Ltd., a Shiga-based part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) Group, has newly develo...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-01

LK Metrology Enhances ALTERA C Accuracy and Speed

CMM manufacturer LK Metrology has designed a new, more efficient air bearing and carrier which are now being fitted as standard to its AL...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-03-01

Industry News

The latest news from AGMA, EMAG Group, Star Cutter, MHI and more.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-02-22

Klingelnberg Offers Fatigue Strength and Service Calculation of Gears

Bevel gear design is well-established. Flank geometry optimization is used worldwide to ensure satisfactory low-noise emissions and speci...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-02-22

Fatigue Strength and Service Calculation of Gears

Bevel gear design is well-established. Flank geometry optimization is used worldwide to ensure satisfactory low-noise emis...

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-02-18

LK Metrology Introduces Ultra-Accuracy Portable Measuring Arms

LK Metrology has been manufacturing static coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) since 1963. It has now expanded its FREEDOM arm range of ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-02-12

A Lesson in Workholding Fundamentals

Evolution of a Real-World Workholding Solution

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-01-28

Siemens Digital Offers Quality Management Software

Siemens Digital Industries Software announces Teamcenter Quality software, a new suite of solutions that provide a closed-loop approach f...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2021-01-27

New Tools, Same Challenges

An online forum I occasionally visit recently posted a photo of a vintage drafting board and joked about younger people no...

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-01-26

AGMA Offers Online Course on Involute Spline Design and Rating

This virtual course will take place March 25, 2021 from 9:00 - 5:00 pm ET. It will address both geometry and rating of involute splines o...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-01-20

ITW to Acquire MTS Systems Test and Simulation Business

Illinois Tool Works Inc. and Amphenol Corporation recently announced that they have entered into an agreement under which ITW will acquir...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2021-01-20

No Stupid Questions

One of the pleasures of being Gear Technology’s official blogger is receiving the occasional phone call or e-mail...

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-01-19

Mitutoyo America Releases New MeasurLink Collection Schedule Module

Mitutoyo America Corporation is pleased to announce the release of a new module into its MeasurLink Suite.MeasurLink’s Collection S...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2021-01-05

Walter Surface Technologies Acquires Drillco and Triumph Twist Drill

Walter Surface Technologies has announced the acquisition of two companies, Drillco, a quality brand offering premium cutting tools, and ...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2021-01-01

NVH Analysis and Simulation of Automotive E-Axles

Addressing a methodology for NVH analysis and simulation of an automotive E-axle.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2021-01-01

Product News

Gear-related new technology from Helios, Chiron, C-B Gear & Machine, Marposs, Dillon Manufacturing, Schunk, Forest City Gear and more.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-12-28

Don't Forget the Follow-Up!

One of the cardinal rules of design engineering is that you will never overcome physics. It is an applied science so misunderstanding or ignoring m...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-12-16

Some Help From Your Friends

Making great products is a team effort. It annoys me when the host of a certain house remodeling show claims credit for how wonderful her project t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-12-11

FVA Examines Load Capacity Calculations to Determine Cylindrical Gear Geometry

FVA has released its latest tech blog on the advantages of local load carrying capacity approaches compared to standardized methods. ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-12-10

KISSsoft Offers Different Software License and Price Models

The calculation programs of KISSsoft have a modular structure which covers, for example, system kinematics, efficiency and the sizing of ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-12-09

The Book of Knowledge

Gears are wonderful things. Unfortunately, they require support from shafts, bearings, and some sort of housing to be useful. Without these things,...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-12-07

KISSsoft Offers NVH Solutions

For transmissions in EV drives, noise is a much greater issue than in combustion engines, where the engine masks the noise from the gearb...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-12-02

GWJ Technology Offers New Version of System Calculation

GWJ Technology GmbH is constantly working on optimizing its software products and integrating new functions. The new version of the Syste...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-12-02

The Fun Part

In the last blog posting, I covered the importance of developing a Product Specification and getting all the “stakeholders” to agree on what a succ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-12-01

B&R North America Strengthens Value Provider Program

B&R Industrial Automation, Inc. has announced the addition of new members of the Value Provider Program. This program brings together...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-11-24

Next Step

Once you have an idea what your device will look like, the urge to start designing is strong. Before you start calculating gear ratings, however, t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-11-11

KISSsoft Extends SKF Bearing Module Functionality

The SKF bearing module in KISSsoft now offers additional bearing performance output parameters (module WPK and WB1): bearing friction and...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-11-04

Facing Down Contact Ratio

Before we move on from helix angle restrictions, I want to say a few things about face contact ratio. Soon after the appearance of the first helica...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-11-01

Asymmetric Cylindrical Gears

In this article the authors present a loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) method for asymmetric gears that provides an accurate and efficient design tool for analyzing and comparing designs. The presented method is implemented in SMT's MASTA software. The authors also present an example comparative study using this tool for an automotive application.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-10-28

But What About ...

Some of you are probably calling forth the gear deities to smite me for promoting a “free thinking” approach to helix angles; I understand complete...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-10-27

Junker Offers Non-Cylindrical Grinding Machine for Process Reliability

BMW Motorrad uses the JUCRANK non-cylindrical grinding machine for different grinding operations on boxer crankshafts. These are assemble...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-10-21

It All Depends ...

Regular followers of this blog know whenever I say “it all depends,” that I am compelled to credit industry legend Ray Drago for stealing his catch...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-10-14

Closing the Gap

We left the gear tribe arguing over how to solve the problems that were cropping up with the new-fangled double helical or herringbone designs. Fas...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-10-07

Playing the Angles

When we cannot even agree how to pronounce “helical” it should not be a surprise that there is so much confusion about “proper” limits on helix ang...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-09-30

Job Change Tales

Writers are often advised to “write about what you know.” My recent postings on recruitment, employee development, and fitting in was informed by a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-09-23

Team Chemistry

Recent posts have covered finding new employees and how the supervisors and new hires can make the “adoption” work smoothly. Now we get to the real...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-09-16

Learning the Ropes

Ever wonder about the origin of common phrases? As the son of a sailor, I have always enjoyed maritime history and nautical fiction, although some ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-09-09

Fitting In

Despite my horror stories about new hires gone badly, there are ways to welcome new team members and help them become solid contributors quickly. I...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-09-02

DCS Hosts Gear Simulation Modeling Webinar

Dimensional Control Systems (DCS) is hosting a webinar to demonstrate how to simulate gear assemblies in 3D tolerance analysis software. ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-09-02

Assimilation

One of the reasons I strongly advocate for “promoting from within” is that many recruitments fail. Real life is not Star Trek, your compan...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-09-01

Spiral-Bevel Gear Noise: An Approach to Solving In-Field Issues

Gear noise is a common evil any gear manufacturer must live with. It is often low enough not to be a major problem but, at times, gear whining may appear and then, tracking the source and, especially, curing the ill can be tricky at best.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-09-01

Sizing of Profile Modifications for Asymmetric Gears

Lately, the use of asymmetric gears in automotive and other applications is an upcoming trend, though few applications are known to have asymmetric teeth. However, an increased interest in asymmetric gears can be seen. Many companies have started to design and test such applications.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-08-26

Finding Good Candidates

Once you commit to developing the talented team members your business needs, how do you decide who to invest in? The “washout rate” at professional...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-08-19

Ladder Shopping

You will be relieved to hear that I am temporarily out of youth soccer analogies. I could switch to “American” football analogies but am mourning t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-08-17

GWJ Technology Extends Calculation of Planetary Gear Stages

GWJ Technology has released an updated version of the planetary gear module within the software eAssistant.The calculation module for pla...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-08-12

Stay in Your Lane?

It was a major moment in my youth soccer coaching career when the kids finally understood the concept of “staying in your lane.” Mob ball was enter...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-08-05

MESYS Offers Software Version 07/2020

A new version of the MESYS shaft and rolling bearing analysis software including new functionality is available. The bearing analysis sof...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-08-05

Basic Training

So how do you go about becoming the confident and versatile professional these trying times require? I remember getting all the standard “work hard...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-08-01

IMTS Future Tech

The Digital Manufacturing Revolution Evolves in 2020 IMTS will offer two comprehensive digital programs, IMTS Network and IMTS Sp...

FEATURE ARTICLES | 2020-08-01

2020 Powder Metal Trends

20/20 is considered to be perfect vision, but the year 2020 outlook is quite obscure. We can view the current state of the PM industry through short-term, fear-tinted glasses or gain a clearer picture of long-range opportunities. Just like U.S. manufacturing in general, the PM industry has been impacted negatively by the pandemic.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-08-01

Gear Blank Tuning

The design of gear blanks or flanges has traditionally been driven by weight reduction. Recently innovative companies have started to use the gear blank design to tune the system dynamics to reduce gear whine.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-07-29

SMT Offers Engineering Services NVH Capability Webinar

SMT presents the webinar “SMT Engineering Services NVH Capability,” on August 12, 2020 from 8:00 – 9:00 AM EDT. This we...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-07-28

Wenzel Offers Software Improvements

WM | Quartis R2020-2 offers a wide range of improvements for special applications and areas of use including  an integrated evaluati...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-07-22

Lindberg/MPH Ships Mesh Belt Conveyor Furnace to Electronics Industry

Lindberg/MPH, a division of Thermal Product Solutions (TPS), announced the shipment of an electric atmosphere continuous mesh belt convey...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-07-21

Hainbuch Offers 2-Jaw Module System

Hainbuch recently introduced the 2-jaw module, a small alternative to the large centric vice. Round workpieces are clamped from the outsi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-07-14

Siemens and SAP Collaborate on End-to-End Software Solutions

Siemens and SAP SE recently announced a new partnership that will leverage their industry expertise and bring together their complementar...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-07-14

GWJ Technology Offers Enhanced Calculation of Cylindrical Gears

GWJ Technology GmbH from Germany has updated the calculation module for cylindrical gears in its web-based software solution eAssistant.I...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-07-08

Striving to be Essential

We have all gotten a harsh lesson in exactly what “essential” means from an invisible enemy that does not care about degrees or bank balances. Thos...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-07-01

DIN Q6 Meets DIN Q10 - the Need for Modern Internal Gear Production

A meaningful discussion about noise is quite difficult because the impression of "noise" is quite subjective. Everybody has a lifetime experience with sound / noise and sees themselves as an expert.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-07-01

High Traction Differentials

This article explains how gear ratio can improve traction in a differential.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-07-01

Influence of Planet Carrier Misalignments on the Operational Behavior of Planetary Gearboxes

This study deals with the modeling and consideration of misalignments in planetary gearboxes in the optimization and design process. Procedures for taking into account misalignments in cylindrical gearboxes are standardized and established in industry. Misalignments of central elements like carrier, sun gear or ring gear in planetary gearboxes, cause varying contact positions and variable loads, depending on the angular position of the central elements. This load, which is variable over the circumference, is not taken into account in the standardized procedures, despite its effects on the loads on the gears.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-07-01

The Nature of Work

As a guy who once time studied church services, I was trained to believe in efficiency; as in reminding civilians of the backstory of the classic f...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-06-29

Advanced Machine Reliability Resources Merges with Generation Systems

Advanced Machine Reliability Resources (AMRRI) and Generation Systems Inc. (GSI), creator of Lube-It management software, two of the most...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-06-24

Mid-Game Adjustments

People of a certain age well remember The A-Team, a television show about a team of ex-military guys who went around righting wrongs and b...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-06-18

NUM Software Provides 'Off the Shelf' Solution for Non-Circular Grinding

NUM provides manufacturers of CNC cylindrical grinding machines with an elegant means of adding non-circular grinding capabilities to the...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-06-17

Hoffmann Group Taps WFL Millturn to Test and Optimize Tools

Pushed to the Maximum

With over 4,000 employees and an extensive range of tools, operating equipment and personal protec...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-06-15

Fanuc America Introduces 5-Axis Simulation to CNC Training

Fanuc America is expanding its CNC training offerings to include 5-axis simulation to further develop the next-gen manufacturing workforc...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-06-10

How Do We Fix This?

No political commentary today; just trying to get your attention! Although the headline is “on topic” for me. I am in my 50th year in th...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-06-01

Quantitative Residual Stress Measurements for Improved Quality Control and Process Optimization in Gears and Additively Manufactured Components

In this article, the focus is put on one technology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and more specifically, residual stress measurement by way of XRD for both process development and quality control.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-06-01

Influence of the Contact Conditions in Cold Rolling on the Density Profile of Powder Metallurgical (PM) Gears

Due to production by pressing and sintering, PM gears are porous. Since pores reduce the loaded area and are also probable crack initiators, the porosity determines the strength of the PM component. PM gears can be densified to increase their local density and, therefore, the load-carrying capacity. PM gears are compacted locally since they are mainly loaded directly at the surface. A common process to densify PM gears locally is the cold rolling process. The contact conditions in the cold rolling process determine the density profile and, therefore, the material properties of the PM component. The influence of the contact conditions in cold rolling of PM gears on the resulting density profile is yet to be investigated.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-06-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the June 2020 issue of Gear Technology.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-05-27

KISSsoft Expands Application Areas for Software Tools

The KISSsoft calculation program and its KISSsys system add-on are applicable in a wide range of fields. The software is well known for i...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-05-27

Family Recipes

My last post on helix angles and the constraining theories adopted at some shops reminded me that younger readers might not be aware that there was...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-05-26

GWJ Technology Offers Detailed Online Calculation of Plastic Gears

GWJ Technology has updated its web-based calculation software eAssistant. The calculation of plastic gears is now available.In addition t...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-05-20

Ask the Expert: 5/20/20 Edition

From time to time I’ll be doing some brief Ask the Expert questions and answers. These questions will be on topics that might be very familiar ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-05-13

Visiting Old Friends

Seven weeks into the lockdown, we are all looking for “new content.” Even with a full cable “package” there are times when it seems there is nothin...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-05-01

New Guideline for Determining the Reliability of Planetary/Spur Gear Units

In the wind power industry, the reliability of powertrain components plays a major role. Especially in multi-megawatt offshore applications, an unplanned replacement of drivetrain components can lead to extremely high costs. Hence, the expectation of wind farm operators is to forecast the system reliability. Under the leadership of the VDMA (Mechanical Engineering Industry Association), the standardization paper 23904 "Reliability Assessment for Wind Turbines" was published in October 2019.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-05-01

Optimal Polymer Gear Design: Metal-to-Plastic Conversion

Nowadays, the progress in polymer materials and injection molding processing has enabled a drastic expansion of plastic gear applications. They are used not only for lightly loaded motion transmissions, but also in moderately loaded power drives in automotive, agriculture, medical, robotics, and many other industries.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-04-27

AGMA Offers External Spur and Helical Gear Mesh Contact Analysis Course Online

This online seminar will calculate and demonstrate the effect that shaft bending, torsional windup and tooth deflections have on loaded t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-04-24

SKF and SMT Collaborate on Software for Transmission Systems

By combining SKF and SMT’s technical analysis and optimization capabilities, engineers can now have a seamless experience when desi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-04-22

Happy Earth Day!

Today is the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. It was fairly big news for me back in 1970 as one of its founders was a U.S. Senator from my home state...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-04-15

Keeping the Gears Turning

NY Governor Cuomo just used a gear analogy in his daily coronavirus briefing and it seemed to baffle many of the reporters present. It was in the c...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-04-08

Kapp Niles Acquires Metrotek GmbH Software Rights for Specific Machines

Kapp Niles Metrology GmbH has acquired rights to use Metrotek's software. The employees at the Karlsruhe location were successfully i...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-04-08

This Changes Everything

Ready for things to get back to normal? Unless you were already a recluse, this time of “social distancing” is an uncomfortable and awkward experie...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-04-03

Verisurf Offers Free Metrology Training Courses and Software

Verisurf Software is offering its comprehensive online metrology training courses FREE of charge. Now through June 30, you can access Ver...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-04-03

Full Version of FVA-Workbench Software Available Free of Charge

This is an unprecedented situation. Travel restrictions and working from home shape our daily routine. The length and impact of the pande...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-04-01

KISSsoft Offers Software to Students

Nowadays, engineering studies should include the use of modern relevant software. For mechanical engineering students, these are mainly C...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-03-20

Mitutoyo Introduces New M2 2D Processor Package with PH-3515 Profile Projector

Mitutoyo America Corporation is pleased to announce the release of the new M2 2D Processor as part of a new package with the PH-3515 Prof...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-03-18

Developing the Farm Team

If you think your operation is the “big leagues”, what are you doing to develop your “farm team?” American readers know all about our baseball team...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-03-03

SMT Presents Cylindrical Gear Rating in MASTA Webinar

SMT will present its second webinar of 2020 on March 5th. This webinar will look at ISO 6336:2019 Cylindrical Gear Rating in MASTA. This ...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2020-03-01

Real-Time Measurement Opportunities

Shop floor inspection and gaging equipment is putting advanced metrology systems right on the factory floor. Here’s a collection of articles on shop floor inspection and gages from companies like Gleason, Mahr, Comtorgage, United Tool Supply and Frenco.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2020-03-01

Analyzing Bevel Gear Damage Prediction Over Operating Life

FVA software offers simulation and calculation of transmission systems.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2020-03-01

Shaft Positioning Tolerances for Bevel Gears

We know that for cylindrical gears we have the standard DIN 3964 for defining deviations of shaft center distance and shaft position tolerances of casings. And for bevel gears? Is there some specific standard for defining deviations of center distance and shaft position tolerances of casings (orthogonal shafts), as DIN 3964 do?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-03-01

Calculated Scuffing Risk: Correlating AGMA 925-A03, AGMA 6011-J14 and Original MAAG Gear Predictions

This paper relates specifically to gears that are finish ground and considered high speed per ANSI/AGMA 6011; meshing elements with PLVs (pitch line velocities) in excess of 35 m/s or rotational speeds greater than 4,500 rpm.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-02-27

ABI Research Names Siemens a Leader in Manufacturing Simulation Software

Industry experts at ABI Research, a global tech market advisory firm, recently named Siemens a leader in manufacturing simulation softwar...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-02-19

Known Unknowns

In my last posting I mentioned the need for humility and skepticism. Before anyone think this is heading off into political commentary, let me expl...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-02-17

Open Mind Introduces Latest Version of Hypermill Software

Open Mind Technologies AG has introduced Hypermill 2020.1, a new version of its advanced, comprehensive CAD/CAM software suite. In additi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-02-13

Moving Targets

Before we move on from the topic of role model/mentors and their students, I think it is important to note just how fast our industry is changing. ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-02-07

Siemens Mindsphere Named IoT Software Leader

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has the potential to significantly improve global productivity and growth, with Accenture esti...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-02-07

Schunk Offers Miniature Clamping Module for Compact Applications

Schunk has developed a completely sealed miniature clamping module specifically for compact applications in the metal cutting industry, a...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-02-05

Marposs Introduces New Probing Software

Marposs introduces the CNC Probing Recorder software package—an automatic measurement, report and process control acquisition syste...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-01-31

AGMA Releases Publication on Cylindrical Involute Gearing

The AGMA Technical Division recently announced the release of ANSI/AGMA 2002-D19, Tooth Thickness and Backlash Measurement of Cylindrical...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-01-23

Hexagon Optimizes CMM Performance with Asset Management Software

Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence division recently launched HxGN SFx | Asset Management, a cloud-ready software solution that h...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-01-22

KISSsoft Offers Multiple Solutions for Gearbox Software

Whether a gearbox is to be produced in-house or outsourced is still a central question for many companies. To make the right and quick de...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-01-22

The Perks of Being a Role Model

If you have been a long time “individual contributor” you may wonder why you should accept the un-requested “promotion” to role model within your o...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2020-01-15

Reluctant Role Models

It has become commonplace for athletes and celebrities to insist that they do not want to be role models. They say this even when announcing millio...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2020-01-03

Siemens Digital Industries Releases Latest Version of Parasolid Software

The latest version of Parasolid software is now available from Siemens Digital Industries Software. The updates to Parasolid include enha...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2020-01-01

Grinding Wheel Wear, Dressing, Tip Advance and Work Phase Angle Adjustment after Corrections

Are there rules to aid in grinding process optimization?
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-12-26

Starrett Provides Software Solutions for Force and Material Testing

The L.S. Starrett Co., a leading global manufacturer of precision hand tool gages, a broad range of force testing, metrology equipment, a...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-12-23

Hexagon Offers Software Solution to Optimize CMM Performance

Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence division recently launched HxGN SFx | Asset Management, a cloud-ready software solution that h...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-12-17

EMAG Machines Rotor Shafts with End-to-End Production Systems

Lightweight construction has been one of the primary challenges in automotive engineering for decades. Each component, from gears to driv...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-12-09

FVA Offers Latest Workbench Software Update

With the new version of the software, mass calculations can now be performed in 50% less time and - thanks to new FEA features - models c...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-12-05

Words to Avoid this Time of Year

Continuing from my previous post... Perhaps I should have started this weeks’ blogs with these thoughts. But that may have allowed some of you e...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-11-21

We Can Help You Help Yourself

Do you want to know a secret about every one of our authors? At one point in their lives they decided to step out of their comfort zone and write s...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-11-20

Liebherr and Morat Swoboda Collaborate on E-Mobility Solutions

Few topics are currently so intensely discussed as climate and the question of future-viable mobility. Stress caused by car traffic, particularly a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-11-19

Content Request

Have you seen our “help wanted” ad? Gear Technology is look...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-11-14

Building on Solid Ground

Continuing my rant on over-reliance on commercial software The gears are the easy part. My clients and students have grown tired of my ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-11-12

Behind the Curtain

Regular readers know of my concerns about the over reliance on commercial gear design software. Some of what you are about to hear may sound famili...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-11-05

Why is Different Than How

Last time I quoted a university professor equating the teaching of “why” with education and the demonstrating of “how” with training. Some may find...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-11-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the November/December 2019 issue of Gear Technology.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-11-01

Education vs. Training

My son Derrick is a proud graduate of the University of Cincinnati’s School of Design. He completed the five-year, mandatory co-op program at a tim...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-10-30

What Do You Want to Know?

AGMA’s acquisition of the assets of Randall Publications LLC, the company responsible for both
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-10-24

Finding the Leading Edge

I had planned to attend the MPT Show in Detroit last week and participate in Gear Technology ‘s Ask the Expert panel, but...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-10-11

KISSsoft Introduces Double Planetary Stage Calculations

Today, various types of planetary gearboxes are increasingly being used in the hybridization of drivetrains. Since the KISSsoft Release 2...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-10-08

So, Where Do I Start?

The last blog posting cautioned against over reliance on reference books for design guidance. A perfectly logical follow-up to that caution is “Whe...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-10-03

Toying with Old Recipes

A consultant’s code is similar to a medical doctor’s; e.g. — Rule #1 is to “do no harm.” Sometimes I feel like a real buzz kill while explaining to...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-10-01

The Things You Learn Along the Way

Long time readers of this blog know that my “gear career” has included plenty of non-gear-related assignments. Of course, if you are a deeply entre...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-09-26

Thoughts on Team Building

The last post suggested constructing a fighting robot machine as a team building exercise. As a sole proprietor for the last eleven years, I am a b...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-09-17

Pursuing Perfection

I missed an important point in a product specification this week. Fortunately, my client caught it and I was able to submit another design in time ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-09-12

Where Did All the Dealmakers Go?

An old business associate called the other day with a training request. To the best of my knowledge, he’s among the last “manufacturer’s representa...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-09-10

Patience in a World of Overnight Delivery

A consultant gets used to receiving emergency calls. Typically they are requests for help in getting a wayward project back on track or to fill in ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-09-05

KISSsoft Offers Bevel Gear Calculation

Calculation of scuffing for bevel and hypoid gears has been enhanced in KISSsoft Release 2019 (module ZC2, ZC9) according to the current ...
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2019-09-01

Get Answers LIVE and in Person

You have challenges. We all do. If your challenges are related to any aspect of gear design, manufacturing, inspection, heat treating or use, the solutions can be found at Motion + Power Technology Expo, which takes place October 15–17 in Detroit.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2019-09-01

Product News

The complete Product News section from the September/October 2019 issue of Gear Technology.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-09-01

Influence of Thermal Distortion on Spur Gear Tooth Contact

In this paper the effects of thermally induced geometry distortions on load distribution and transmission error have been analyzed.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-09-01

A Precise Prediction of the Tooth Root Stresses for Involute External Gears with Any Fillet Geometry under Consideration of the Exact Meshing Condition

This paper shows a method to calculate the occurring tooth root stress for involute, external gears with any form of fillets very precisely within a few seconds.
ADDENDUM | 2019-09-01

The Million Dollar Clock

The Corpus Clock has a hundred and one little interesting factoids about everything from its design to its unveiling to its message — and it’s just hanging out on a street corner in Cambridge.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-29

Appreciating the Gory Details

Big equipment often requires special processing equipment. Those 300-ton locomotives used unique heat treatment on the gears which required the des...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-08-26

KISSsoft Offers Contact Analysis (LTCA) of Asymmetric Gears

KISSsoft now also offers contact analysis for asymmetric gears according to Langheinrich's dissertation (module ZA38). This allows, i...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-15

A Global Gear Community

Roman Cisek’s journey from Poland to the United States is an example of how the gear trade has become one big international community. A few weeks ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-13

Gear Origins: Roman Cisek

I was lucky to get a job as a design engineer – drive train department with a big construction equipment manufacturer (HSW) in Poland, right after ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-08

Polishing the Crystal Ball

  Few people enjoy cost estimating and pricing exercises. I have blogged about this topic before but thought it was worthy of another look ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-06

Finding New Vendors

Record low unemployment rates have some unforeseen consequences. My home county’s rate has not been this low in many years, yet the residents do no...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-08-02

What Makes a Classic Design?

  ...

ASK THE EXPERT | 2019-08-01

Defining the Spline Pressure Angle

A reader requests help designing the mating gear for an internal spline.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-08-01

Impact of Root Geometry Manufacturing Deviations from a Theoretical Hob Rack on Gear Bending Stress

This study emphasizes the importance of a closed-loop approach togear design and manufacturing to assure designed root fillet shapes are attained in production, and gears meet the design intent.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-07-30

Pieces of a Puzzle

One of the things I most enjoy about teaching newbies is the need to come up with different ways to explain important concepts. Today’s high school...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-07-26

Timely Course Corrections

Mrs. Curtis’ account of their family firm’s transition from general machining to noted gearbox manufacturer is an important reminder that success o...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-07-24

MESYS Offers Latest Version of Shaft and Bearing Calculation Software

A new version of the MESYS shaft and bearing calculation software (Version 07/2019) is available and provides several new features. An ad...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-07-22

Dillon Manufacturing Jaw Nuts and Keys Improve Chuck Safety, Accuracy & Performance

As machine tool technology continues to advance, including greater horsepower, larger material cuts, and higher machine tool speeds, the ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-07-16

Watching the Chips Fly

It was a real treat to spend a day at a gear shop this week. After all these years, I still enjoy watching a round blank get transformed into a gea...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-07-11

Different Countries, Common Needs

Graham Penning’s career in gears began around the time mine did, the early 1970s, and although our paths have never crossed they are very similar. ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-07-05

Gear Origins: Graham Penning

For the last few years I have delivered a gear foundation course to both young and experienced engineers wanting to understand gear technology, and...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-07-01

NUM Helps Automate Production of Involute and Cyclodial Gears for Robotics

NUM is helping the Taiwanese machine tool company Chien Wei Precise Technology to develop innovative CNC grinding machines for manufactur...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-07-01

Measurement Management

The secret to meeting today's inspection demands is influenced by the technology and those in charge of operating it.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-07-01

Gear Noise Analysis: Design and Manufacturing Challenges Drive New Solutions for Noise Reduction

Gear noise is among the issues of greatest concern in today's modern gearboxes. Significant research has resulted in the application of enhancements in all phases of gear manufacturing, and the work is ongoing. With the introduction of Electric Vehicles (EV), research and development in this area has surged in recent years. Most importantly, powerful new noise analysis solutions are fast becoming available.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2019-07-01

Tooth Thickness Tolerance and AGMA 2002-C16

A reader asks: We are currently revising our gear standards and tolerances and a few questions with the new standard AGMA 2002-C16 have risen. Firstly, the way to calculate the tooth thickness tolerance seems to need a "manufacturing profile shift coefficient" that isn't specified in the standard; neither is another standard referred to for this coefficient. This tolerance on tooth thickness is needed later to calculate the span width as well as the pin diameter. Furthermore, there seems to be no tolerancing on the major and minor diameters of a gear.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-06-20

Octans Aircraft Collaborates with Siemens Digital Industries Software

Having more security, reliability and availability of its products has led Octans Aircraft, a Brazilian manufacturer of small aircraft, t...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-06-20

New Thinking on Old Topics

Claude Gosselin’s origin story reminds us that not everyone shares our enthusiasm for these ubiquitous but complicated artifacts. Just showing an i...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-06-18

Claude Gosselin: Gears — Why Not?

When I graduated as a mechanical engineer in 1978, I landed a job in the “cold section” at Pratt & Whitney Canada (PWC) in Montreal. In those d...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-06-13

Siemens Adds Augmented Reality to Solid Edge 2020 Software

Siemens Digital Industries Software announces the availability of the latest version of Solid Edge software, which features numerous enha...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-06-06

History for a Worldwide Audience

Baby Boomers (as American kids born between 1946 and 1964 are called) learned a lot about World War II. From Pearl Harbor thru the atomic bomb drop...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-06-04

And may you have the joy of passing something on…

One of the reoccurring themes in our “origin stories” project is the willingness of people to school us in the sometimes confusing world of gears. ...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-06-01

Knowing the System

It's more important than ever to understand the full system your individual components are going into. Here's the latest in how software developers are helping you do that.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-30

Traditions Adapt

May 30 is our traditional Memorial Day here in the Unit...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-28

Planting Good Seeds

We are enjoying the origin story project very much and ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-24

Finding the Limits

Jim Richard’s account of his journey from youthful experimenter to designer of cutting edge gear processing equipment illustrates the amazing thing...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-16

Rocket Scientists are Gear People Too!

Dr. Handschuh’s origin story reminds us that the future...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-16

Free Agents Welcome

Mr. Hinz’s “transfer” from hydraulics to gearing points...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-05-09

KISSsoft Adds LEHVOSS Material Data to 2019 Software Release

More than 55 plastics are available for the gear design of KISSsoft. The material database of KISSsoft has been extended by additional pl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-09

My Story – Bob Handschuh

Most of us only think of NASA with regard to the “S” [Space] in its acronym. The first “A” [Aerospace] is just as important to its mission of s...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-07

Dave Hinz — My Story

Sometimes there is a “gear guy” lurking inside an ordinary engineer. Risking the embarrassment of a poor result on an unexpected “pop quiz” was...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-05-02

Hexagon to Host MSC Software Global User's Conference during HxGN Live

Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence division has announced the 2019 MSC Software Global User’s Conference will be held at Hx...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-05-02

A Fresh Set of Eyes

Hanspeter Dinner’s account of his “baptism by fire” into the gear industry contains a number of important lessons for other “newbies”; some reminde...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-05-01

FVA-Workbench 5.5 Offers Detailed Transmission Calculation Results

FVA-Workbench Version 5.5 of the simulation platform for transmission systems, released in May, accelerates development processes and pro...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-05-01

Design and Optimization of a Hybrid Vehicle Transmission

The paper is not the proof of a discovery, but it is the description of a method: the optimization of the microgeometry for cylindrical gears. The method has been applied and described on some transmissions with helical gears and compound epicyclic, used on different hybrid vehicles. However, the method is also valid for industrial gearboxes.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-30

Hanspeter Dinner—My Story

It was the middle of December — rainy, dark, late, cold. My job with a roller coaster company was the wrong choice. I had a job interview with KISS...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-25

Applying the Fundamentals

Yefim Kotlyar’s origin story is a great lesson to anyone entering the o...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-24

Yefim Kotlyar — My Story

Yefim Kotlyar is a wonderful example of how gears unite the world. His background is much different than mine, yet we share a deep appreciation...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-19

The Personal Touch

Our most recent guest blogger, Joe Arvin, demonstrates the importance of the personal touch in business. As I mentioned in my introduction to his s...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-16

Joe Arvin — My Story

Today’s origin story is by one of the true “good guys” in our trade. I first met Joe in 1989 when I was job hunting. He could tell I was in a b...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-04-09

Hexagon to Host Second Annual Production Software Users' Group Meeting at HxGN Live

Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence recently announced it will host the second annual Production Software Users’ Group meeti...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-04-09

Ed Kaske — My Story

Ed Kaske was one of the first to respond to our request for origin stories. I apologize for the delay in getting this to print; we liked it so ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-28

What Does Dudley Say?

Another giant of the gear industry — Darle W. Dudley (1917-2003) — is still influencing new engineers today through his writings. The very first ge...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-26

Remembering the Giants

While writing about the “degrees of connection” between current industry leaders and th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-21

My Story: Ernie Reiter

In the last semester of my senior year of mechanical engineering, I recall having a discussion with my study group friends about the purpose of our...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-19

Six Degrees of Gears ...

Our next “origin story” author is another consulting en...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-03-18

GWJ and Ovako Collaborate on Gear Modules

The Swedish company Ovako is a producer of engineering steel for customers in the bearing, transport and manufacturing industries, and a ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-03-12

AAT and DMG MORI USA Announce Partnership for On-Machine Measuring Software

Applied Automation Technologies, Inc. (AAT) and DMG MORI USA recently announced a partnership for on-machine measuring software.AAT and D...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-12

Combating Gear Ignorance

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-07

Coaching Trees

March Madness is upon us once again, that wonderful tim...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-03-05

Fitting the Pieces Together

It occurred to me recently that my request for “origin stories” may not have been inclusive enough. As an engineer, I tend to focus on the technica...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-03-04

Ipsen Strengthens Customer Service Group with New Manager

Ipsen USA is pleased to announce the promotion of Matt Clinite from Midwest regional sales owner to Ipsen customer service sales manager,...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-03-01

Loading Upgrades

The latest advances in gear manufacturing automation all seem to revolve around a common theme: automated loading.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2019-03-01

Relationship between Misalignment and Transmission Error in Cross- Axes Helical Gear Assemblies

Question: I am a gear engineer for a motor manufacturer in China. I am writing about noise generated from cross-helical gear assembly error. I want to learn the relationship between the misalignment (center distance change and cross-angle shift) and transmission error. It is better under the loading and theory conditions. What is the trend of cross-helical gear development (use ZI worm and involute helical gear, point contact)?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-03-01

Experimental Study on the Pitting Detection Capabilities for Spur Gears Using Acoustic Emission and Vibration Analysis Methods

An experimental investigation on spur gears to characterize pitting degradation process using monitoring features.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-03-01

New Consideration of Non-Metallic Inclusions Calculating Local Tooth Root Load Carrying Capacity of High-Strength, High-Quality Steel Gears

The effects of non-metallic inclusions in steel matrix on tooth root strength based on theoretical approach of Murakami.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-03-01

Electric Vehicle Whine Noise - Gear Blank Tuning as an Optimization Option

Noise issues from gear and motor excitation whine are commonly faced by many within the EV and HEV industry. In this paper the authors present an advanced CAE methodology for troubleshooting and optimizing such NVH phenomenon.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-02-22

GWJ Expands Latest Version of System Calculation Software

GWJ Technology, Germany, a manufacturer and provider of calculation software for mechanical engineering and gear manufacturing, recently ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-02-19

One That Got Away

Like many fathers, I once had hopes of one of my children follow in my footsteps. When my son was four years old he even publicly declared his goal...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-02-12

Adult Education

Origin Stories Needed

How did you get started in the gear trade? We are interested in sharing your “origin story” as a way of helping hum...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-02-07

Seeing Through the Spin

Two different high-profile news stories have really flipped my “curmudgeon” switch this week. It irritates me that the general public is distracted...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-02-05

Many Ways In — But Just One Way Up

We’ll get back to our “origin story” project soon. One thing I have noticed about the guest blogs so far is that the people kept moving up the ladd...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-01-31

The Importance of Dirty Hands

My dear friend Octave’s account of his co-op experience (see Tuesday’s 1-29 post) reinforces my belief that no one should trust an engineer or desi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-01-30

From Co-op to Vice President: Octave A. LaBath

I was attending the University of Cincinnati in the college of engineering. After my freshman year in 1960, I started my co-op job with the Cincinn...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-01-22

GWJ Technology Offers Calculation Workshop for Formula Student Teams

At the end of October 2018, GWJ Technology, a provider of software solutions for gear and gearboxes, organized a workshop for the second ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-01-18

Lessons Learned the Hard Way

Chris’ account of p...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-01-18

Getting into the Gear Trade: Chris Trochelman

Here is the first of our guest blogs on the topic of how you entered the gear trade. Chris Trochelman (pictured above, fa...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2019-01-10

Modelon and Siemens PLM Software Enhance System Simulation Capabilities Through Partnership

Siemens PLM Software and Modelon recently announced a partnership to use Modelon’s OPTIMICA Compiler Toolkit as the default Model...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2019-01-03

How Did You Get in Here?

Happy New Year! In just a few weeks we will begin our SIXTH year of this blog. While it has been great fun posting about the gear trade with you, w...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-01-01

Simulation of Spiral Bevel Gear Tooth Manufacturing to Aid in One-Piece Gear Shaft Design

In helicopter applications, the two-piece gear is typically joined by welding, bolts, or splines. In the case of the U.S. Army CH-47D Chinook helicopter, a decision was made to eliminate these joints through the use of integral design. Integral shaft spiral bevel gears must be designed such that the shaft does not interfere with gear tooth cutting and grinding. This paper discusses techniques to iterate in the design stage before manufacturing begins.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2019-01-01

Flank Profile Modification Optimization for Spur Asymmetric Gears

In many gear transmissions, tooth load on one flank is significantly higher and is applied for longer periods of time than on the opposite one; an asymmetric tooth shape should reflect this functional difference. The advantages of these gears allow us to improve the performance of the primary drive tooth flanks at the expense of the opposite coast flanks, which are unloaded or lightly loaded during a relatively short work period by drive flank contact and bending stress reduction. This article is about the microgeometry optimization of the spur asymmetric gears’ tooth flank profile based on the tooth bending and contact deflections.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-01-01

The Growth of Australian Regenerative Load Testing

Historically, gearbox original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and repair organizations have tended to offer their customers no-load, full speed (spin) tests as a standard performance test. If a load test was specified, the supplier would probably offer a locked torque back-to-back simulated load test, which requires a large investment in tooling to connect shafts of the test and slave gearboxes.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2019-01-01

The Quest for the All-in-One Machine

Multitasking machines have a pretty clear sales pitch: They can do what you need them to and make a gear, but if you’re a job shop with fingers in a lot of pies, you can also use them for anything else you might need to make. Hobbing, cutting, milling, now even gear skiving; if it’s a cutting process, a multitasking machine can probably do it.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-12-21

Buehler Offers DiaMet Hardness Software Upgrade for Legacy Hardness Testers

Buehler, an ITW company has announced that the DiaMet hardness software upgrade is now available for legacy Wilson testers. The DiaMet Ha...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-12-06

Out With the Old

No technology ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-12-03

LK Metrology Launches Latest Version of CAMIO CMM Software

Metrology software has challenges in most application environments—and LK Metrology’s new 8.5 version of their CAMIO CMM soft...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-11-27

Industrial Strength Good Deeds Part 1

The end-of-year hol...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-11-20

A Time for Gratitude

An early winter storm has knocked out our Internet connection as I write this. A startling reminder of just how much we rely on the world wide web ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-11-16

KISSsoft Offers Individual Design Elements in Software Packages

KISSsoft's modular software includes international calculation standards, as well as a multitude of sizing and optimization options f...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-11-15

What Should You Save?

While we are on the...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-11-15

Beautiful on the Inside

Higher Quality Internal Gears

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-11-13

What Do You Really Need to Know?

I am pretty certain I told this story before, but it is worth repeating in the context of preserving corporate memory. When AGMA first offered ISO ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-11-06

Permanent Records

Avoiding corpo...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-11-01

The Influence of a Grinding Notch on the Gear Bending Strength Rating

To achieve the requested quality, most gears today are ground. The usual grinding process includes treating the gear flank but disengaging before reaching the root rounding area. If the gear is premanufactured with a tool without protuberance, then at the position where the grinding tool retracts from the flank a grinding notch in the tooth root area is produced. Such a notch may increase the bending stresses in the root area, thus reducing the strength rating.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-11-01

Full Contact Analysis vs. Standard Load Capacity Calculation for Cylindrical Gears

In this paper local tooth contact analysis and standard calculation are used to determine the load capacity for the failure modes pitting, tooth root breakage, micropitting, and tooth flank fracture; analogies and differences between both approaches are shown. An example gearset is introduced to show the optimization potential that arises from using a combination of both methods. Difficulties in combining local approaches with standard methods are indicated. The example calculation demonstrates a valid possibility to optimize the gear design by using local tooth contact analysis while satisfying the requirement of documenting the load carrying capacity by standard calculations.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-10-25

Changing Bearings

Just as “conventional thinking” h...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-10-23

Appropriate Improvements

“Resto moding” a gearbox is not t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-10-22

KISSsoft Offers Shaft Calculation and the Shaft Editor

Additional features have been implemented in the Shaft Editor, which make it much easier to input shafts (WPK module). Users can pull on ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-10-18

How to Upgrade a Classic

If you are a f...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-10-16

Is it Worth Upgrading?

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-10-09

Marposs Expands Software Capability with Blulink Acquisition

Marposs has announced the acquisition of Blulink (Reggio Emilia, Italy), a company specializing in quality control and process management...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-10-04

Repairing Gears

Deadlines and budgets do not always allow for “first class” gearbox rebuilds. The challenge for rebuild shops is to find the fastest and most econo...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-10-02

Necessity as the Mother of Invention

When you offer rebuilding service...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-09-27

GWJ Technology Releases Latest Version of GearEngineer Software

GearEngineer is a software program designed for calculating the real 3D tooth form in addition to the dimensioning and load capacity of...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-27

Acceptable Fixes

You do not always have to say “no” when confronted with non-conforming parts. Here are a few “fixes” I have been comfortable authorizing:

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-20

Frequently Asked Questions

Backlash “adju...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-19

Adjust Tolerances or Expectations?

There is a great deal of science involved in measuring things, but considerably less on what the baseline dimensions and clearances should be. This...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-14

The Usual Suspects

Once you accept that “stuff” happens in even the best of machine shops, you can begin to assess where the problems are likely to occur and start th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-09-13

Custom Work: Nonconforming Realities

In the world of custom manufacturing you have to deal with less-than-perfect parts. There is just not enough time or pieces to dial in the producti...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-09-07

KISSsoft Redefines Plain Bearings in Turbo Drives

For shafts with plain bearings, the bearing type “Plain Bearing” can now be redefined. This is especially important for turbo...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-09-05

Hainbuch Taps Hänel for Mandrel Prototype Test

Hard work and first-class teamwork between the gear factory Hänel and Hainbuch has paid off. The new mandrel Mando G211 for gear manufacturers, sui...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-09-01

NVH Potential of PM Gears for Electrified Drivetrains

Electrification has already started to have a noticeable impact on the global automotive industry. As a result, the drivetrains of hybrid (HEV) and full electric vehicles (EV) are facing many challenges, like increased requirements for NVH in high speed e-Drives and the need for performance improvements to deal with recuperation requirements. Motivated by the positive validation results of surface densified manual transmission gears which are also applicable for dedicated hybrid transmissions (DHTs) like e-DCTs, GKN engineers have been looking for a more challenging application for PM gears within those areas.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-09-01

Influence of Different Manufacturing Processes on Properties of Surface-Densified PM Gears

The properties of both shot-peened and cold rolled PM gears are analyzed and compared. To quantify the effect of both manufacturing processes, the tooth root bending fatigue strength will be evaluated and compared to wrought gears.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2018-09-01

Chamfering-Deburring Still a Player - Now More than Ever

Chamfering and deburring have been described as "unloved," a "necessary evil" and, in fact - "dead." After all, manual deburring is still common in many shops.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-30

Gearbox Design: Checks and Double Checks

We have been devoting this year’s blogs to fundamentals. I frequently remind my clients that the gear geometry is the easy part of gearbox design. ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-28

Gear Design: More Than Pretty Pictures

No one has a drafti...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-21

Gearbox Design: Refining the Study Layout

A critical step in designing a gearbox is refining the “study layout” and securing the necessary approvals so that detail design can begin. Althoug...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-16

Gear Design: What is it Going to Cost?

You may not ev...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-08-15

IMTS 2018: A Field Guide

Chicago Preps for the Next Manufacturing Technology Extravaganza Matthew Jaster, Senior Editor
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-14

Finding the Right Combination

One of the hal...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-08-13

International Gear Conference 2018

Lyon, France. Mechanical transmission components such as gears, rolling element bearings, CVTs, belts, chains, etc. are present in every industrial...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-09

Getting Started on a Design

You finally have th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-08-02

Gearbox Specs: Connecting to the System

Your specifica...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-08-01

Influences of the Residual Stress Condition on the Load-Carrying Capacity of Case-Hardened Gears

Highly loaded gears are usually casehardened to fulfill the high demands on the load-carrying capacity. Several factors, such as material, heat treatment, or macro and micro geometry, can influence the load-carrying capacity. Furthermore, the residual stress condition also significantly influences load-carrying capacity. The residual stress state results from heat treatment and can be further modified by manufacturing processes post heat treatment, e.g. grinding or shot peening.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-07-26

KISSsoft Implements Bevel and Hypoid Gear Calculations

In the ISO Committee, the scuffing load capacity calculation for bevel and hypoid gears is currently in draft form, and has been implemen...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-24

The Gearbox: Known Unknowns

A product spec...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-19

Gear Design: Defining the Goal

A critical ste...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-17

Gear Design: Putting Knowledge to Work

We have now sp...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-16

Planetary Gears: A Few More Things

Before we move...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-07-09

SKF and Romax Collaborate on Driveline Simulation Conference

For decades, SKF and Romax Technology have been developing and implementing powerful software for product development and customer-spec...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-05

Planetary Drives: The Same but Different

Those ancient planetary drives I first got involved with in 1979 (
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-07-03

Planetary Gears: Inside Information

The Story So Far

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-07-01

A Comparison of Current AGMA, ISO and API Gear Rating Methods

There are many different gear rating methods in use today, and they can give substantially different results for any given gearset. This paper will make it easy to understand the choices and the impact the choices have on gearbox design. Eight standards are included - AGMA 2001; AGMA 6011; AGMA 6013; ISO 6336; API 613; API 617; API 672; and API 677. (Click HERE for the Appendix to this article).
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-28

Suns and Planets

The first planetary drive I helped take apart had three stages of through hardened spur gears encased in a simple cast iron tube with plates on both ends. Both input and output shafts rotated on taper roller bearings, but everything else had simple bronze bushings.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-06-27

GWJ Technology Celebrates 15 Years of eAssistant Software

GWJ Technology GmbH from Braunschweig, Germany, is marking the 15th anniversary of its web-based calculation software eAssistant - the ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-26

Planetary Gearboxes: A Wheel Inside a Wheel

We will never ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-06-26

Zoller Highlights Smart Factory Solutions

Zoller Inc. has a new digital playground in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The tooling, inspection and tool management company now has 44,000+ sq. ft. of spa...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-21

Gear Materials: More Inside Heat Treating Trivia

In our last bl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-20

Gear Materials: You Don’t Know What You Don’t Know

Before we leave our study of materials, I want to share a few thoughts on heat treating, lab tests, and hardness testing. When you start working wi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-14

Options for Material Selection

Disclaimer: This is the policy I follow for material selection. Your situation may call for a different decision. You should not adopt this pol...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-06-08

Hexagon to Hold MSC Software Conference during HxGN Live

The 2018 MSC Software Global Users' Conference will be held at HxGN LIVE, Hexagon's premier cross-industry technology conferenc...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-06-08

Siemens Releases Latest Version of PLM Software

Siemens announces the latest version of the Teamcenter portfolio, the world’s most widely used product lifecycle management (PLM)...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-07

Hardenability 102

Material Grade in Gears

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-06-05

Hardenability 101

Material Grade in Gears

The reason not all gears can be made from the same material grade has to do with hardenability. We have long unde...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2018-06-01

Shake, Rattle and Roll

Software Providers Examine the Dynamic Behavior of Gear Noise.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2018-06-01

Selecting the Right Tooth Thickness

A reader asks: We are currently revising our gear standards and tolerances, and a few problems with the new standard AGMA 2002-C16 have arisen. Firstly, the way to calculate the tooth thickness tolerance seems to need a "manufacturing profile shift coefficient" that isn't specified in the standard; neither is another standard referred to for this coefficient. This tolerance on tooth thickness is needed later to calculate the span width as well as the pin diameter. Furthermore, there seems to be no tolerancing on the major and minor diameters of a gear.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-06-01

Predicting Life on Through Hardened Steel Rack and Pinion for Jacking Applications in the Offshore Industry

Designing and sizing a rack-and-pinion system, per AGMA and ISO gear calculation.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-31

Parsing the Fine Print

If my last posting prompted you to look at a copy of a material cert, you probably noticed that the cert has much more information on it than just ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-22

Further Modifications

You might be thinking this conversation would logically move to other tooth modifications. Gear Technology has and will c...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-18

Parametric Design

One of the scariest things a gear designer can face is a blank sheet of paper. This is why most of our products are “derivative” rather than “revol...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-17

Computer Games

You kids are spoiled! Back in my day it took at least a day to see the results of computer modeling, longer if the courier dropped the box of input...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-10

What’s Your Angle?

Hulet self-unloader image courtesy of ASME. Interesting things happen when you start using “non-standard” gear geometry. As early as th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-08

Making Things Work

There is an old saying that if the only tool you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. Imagine that you are tasked by your employer to de...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-03

That X Factor

Our international readers are no doubt chuckling over this silly, American “long addendum” terminology. The “civilized world” has long relied on a ...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2018-05-01

Calculated Gear Life Values

I have a query (regarding) calculated gear life values. I would like to understand for what % of gear failures the calculated life is valid? Is it 1-in-100 (1% failure, 99% reliability) or 1-in-one-thousand (0.1% failure)?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-05-01

Prediction of Dynamic Factors for Helical Gears in a High-Speed Multibody Gearbox System

Accurate prediction of gear dynamic factors (also known as Kv factors) is necessary to be able to predict the fatigue life of gears. Standards-based calculations of gear dynamic factors have some limitations. In this paper we use a multibody dynamic model, with all 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) of a high-speed gearbox to calculate gear dynamic factors. The findings from this paper will help engineers to understand numerous factors that influence the prediction of dynamic factors and will help them to design more reliable gears.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-05-01

Bending the Rules

In my last posting I advised designers to avoid relying on “rules of thumb” or computer coding when confronted with tough decisions. This admonitio...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-04-30

EMAG Gets Smart with Mobile Analytics

Machine data has never been easier to collect, distribute and analyze. Monitoring production lines, evaluating tools and surveying tool conditions ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-26

Actions Have Consequences

The initial motivation for changing outside diameters was the avoidance of undercutting. Designers, engineers, and theoreticians quickly discovered...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-25

The Long and Short of It

One of the problems with “tribal knowledge” is that the terminology can confuse those who are not fully immersed in that community. I have lost ...

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-19

Hunting for a Solution

Most of you are excused for missing the attempted humor in the above headline. So, I will violate the first rule of comedy and explain the joke. An...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-17

How Many Teeth Do You Want?

Designing gears is somewhat of a mathematical puzzle. You have lots of interconnected factors to play with in hopes of finding the “best” overall s...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-12

Moderation Instead of Modification

Few designers would feel comfortable with a face to pinion pitch diameter ratio of 2.00 anymore. Some still prefer to select face width by face con...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-10

What About Face Width?

The second component in that face contact ratio equation is the face width. There are almost as many “rules of thumb” for determining the “proper” ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-05

In Search of True Helical Action

I was trained in the cult of the integer face contact ratio. A few adherents to this belief are still above ground, but the introduction of persona...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-04-03

How Much Helix Angle?

The most obvious difference between a spur gear and a helical gear is the presence of that “helix” angle. Civilians will call them “straight-cut” a...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-29

Back to Basics: Helical Gears

Most of the gearboxes I have been involved with use single helical gears. Its excellent power capacity per mesh makes it the default system for man...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-27

Filling in the Gaps

A few weeks ago, I admitted to not knowing much about the Klingelnberg system of bevels. Terry Edwards, chief designer at Pacific Star Marine in Br...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-03-23

KISSsoft Offers Calculations for Asymmetrical Toothings

The current KISSsoft version, 03/2017, provides you with a range of different options for calculating and inputting asymmetrical toothing...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-22

Worm Basics - Part 2

Continuing our discussion of the “least you need to know” about worm gearing: 5. Efficiency is highly variable for worms. If it is critical to y...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-20

Minimal Worm Expertise

Worm gearing has long been a big part of the mechanical world. If you work in the gear trade, “civilians” will rightly expect you to know things ab...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-15

What About Worms?

It is difficult to know where to start when writing about worm gears, because this market segment has defied “standardization” within the United St...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-13

Bevel Buzzwords

Does technical lingo confuse you? If so, welcome to the bevel gear sector and its special kind of hell. The same “system” that benefited from stand...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-08

The Old Family Recipe

Continuing with bevel gears… As a beginning gear guy, I was very content to leave the bevel gear design to the experts...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-06

Nothing Remains Constant

We cannot leave our lesson about tooth depths without covering bevel gears. There is a tendency to think of bevels and worms as being best left to ...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2018-03-01

Frenco REANY Gear Inspection Software Melds Data from Multiple Sources

REANY is software for the evaluation of gears and splines that have been measured completely on all teeth. It is suited to both quality assessment and analyzing the causes for deviations. REANY is short for Reality Analysis.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-03-01

Effect of Non-Metallic Inclusions on Bending Fatigue Performance in High Strength 4140 Steel

Three samples of quenched and tempered 4140 steel, with varying levels of oxygen and sulfur, were submitted to a series of bending fatigue tests.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2018-03-01

Reliability, Lifetime and Safety Factors

A discussion of ISO and AGMA standards for gears, shafts and bearings, and the art of designing a gearbox that meets your requirements.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-03-01

Out of Your Depth?

How did that over pin calculation work out? My congratulations if you managed to work your way through it without tearing your hair out. Guess what...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-02-28

It Gets Complicated

Why did something as simple as a standard tooth form fail to get traction? While the old joke about the number of opinions at any meeting of engine...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-02-22

If Only It Was That Simple

In my last blog we went over “pitch” descriptions for spur gears. Engineers being stubborn individuals, it has not been possible to reach a consens...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-02-20

My, What Big Teeth You Have!

When I get a call from a new client, one of the first things I ask is “How big are the gears?” One person’s “big” parts may be laughably tiny fo...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-02-14

TDM Systems Shopfloor Manager Software Module Follows Tool Circulation from Start to Finish

TDM Systems, a subsidiary of Sandvik Machining Solutions has announced the introduction of TDM Shopfloor Manager in the TDM 2017 Global L...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-02-12

IIoT Spotlight: The Job Shop

As IIoT solutions become more readily available throughout the manufacturing sector, challenges continue when you start looking specifically at the...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-02-07

Seven Stages of Expertise

There is no “gear expert” merit badge for you to earn. I have posted before about the limited amount of gear education included in the standard eng...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-02-01

Understanding Spur Gears

Spur gears have been around “forever.” That ancient astronomical device recovered from the Mediterranean Sea a few years ago shows the antiquity an...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-01-31

IIoT Spotlight: A Look at Honeywell Connected Plant

One of the most relevant topics in manufacturing right now is predicting process conditions and equipment failures for continuous improvement on th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-30

Appreciating the Spur Gear

When the average civilian hears the word “gear,” if they think of mechanical things at all, they envision a big spur gear, perhaps in a clock or wi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-01-29

SMT Hosts MASTA Software Overview Webinar

SMT recently announced the company will be hosting its first live and interactive MASTA webinar on January 30th at 1 pm (GMT). This first...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-25

One Step at a Time

Regular readers know that I am a big fan of both the Boy and Girl Scout programs. My children were scouts. My wife and I were scout leaders. One of...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-23

The First Step is Easy

When I started writing my gear book back in 1986, the mission was to provide enough information for a person new to the gear trade to tell if someo...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-18

Avoiding the Potholes

No one becomes a gear expert overnight. You might be abruptly assigned the title by your employer, but it takes some time before you can really ful...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-16

The Company You Keep

Learning about gears is much easier in a group setting. Anyone who suffered through a tough high school or university class without study buddies w...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2018-01-12

Sandvik Coromant InvoMilling CAD/CAM Software Offers Additional Five-Axis Functionality

Cutting tool and tooling system specialist Sandvik Coromant has extended the functionality of its InvoMilling software. Th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-11

The Beginning of Wisdom

Faithful followers of this blog can complete that mantra without prompting, but for new readers — the beginning of wisdom is calling things by thei...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2018-01-09

How to Begin?

So, you want to teach people about gears. It is a huge topic with many interesting and complicated facets to it. A person could spend their entire ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-12-19

The Importance of Scut Work

At the risk of permanently cementing my curmudgeon status, today’s blog is a defense of scut work as a necessary tool for training young engineers....
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-12-14

Engineering Safety (Part Two)

To an engineer there are no accidents, only unanticipated consequences of situations that need to be better understood. We even have a rule about i...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-12-12

Engineering Safety (Part One)

Watching the movie Deepwater Horizon got me thinking about current attitudes on workplace safety. (Full disclosure — I am a bit of a cr...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-11-30

Still Pumped About Herringbones

I rambled on about herringbone gear in my last posting but still have more to share on these once commonplace gears. Today we’ll cover the use of c...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-11-28

Department of Corrections

It was brought to my attention that the graphics used in my recent “herringbone” postings actually show double helical gears. I have a great suppor...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-11-16

Herringbones 102

Imagine for a moment that your boss invented the herringbone tooth form and tasked you with building machines to cut them. This was the situation P...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-11-14

Herringbones 101

I try to avoid technical matters here in the blog on the grounds that we have an entire magazine to cover the “hard stuff.” Besides, very few topic...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-11-13

KISSsoft and Gleason Offer Two Software Solutions, One Design Interface

KISSsys is KISSsoft‘s system add-on that enables you to model complete gear units and drive trains. KISSsoft calculates the service...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-11-09

Write it Down

Gear Expo was a wonderful opportunity to meet old friends and make new ones. While I was out collecting swag, purely in support of my reporting dut...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-11-02

Swag of the Expo Awards

My last blog covered the motivation for the Swag of the Expo award and my inspiration in creating it. Top contenders that did not quite qualify for...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-11-01

Helping Software Developers Help You

A key part of gear design software development is customer feedback. With the right feedback, you can get your software developer to work for you to provide the most relevant features possible.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-11-01

Cleaner Steels Provide Gear Design Opportunities

Gear designers face constant pressure to increase power density in their drivetrains. In the automotive industry, for example, typical engine torque has increased significantly over the last several decades. Meanwhile, the demands for greater fuel efficiency mean designers must accommodate these increased loads in a smaller, more lightweight package than ever before. In addition, electric and hybrid vehicles will feature fewer gears, with fewer transmission speeds, running at higher rpms, meaning the gears in those systems will have to endure life cycles far beyond what is typical with internal combustion engines.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-11-01

Rating of Helical Asymmetric Tooth Gears

Although gear geometry and the design of asymmetric tooth gears are well known and published, they are not covered by modern national or international gear design and rating standards. This limits their broad implementation for various gear applications, despite substantial performance advantages in comparison to symmetric tooth gears for mostly unidirectional drives. In some industries — like aerospace, that are accustomed to using gears with non-standard tooth shapes — the rating of these gears is established by comprehensive testing. However, such testing programs are not affordable for many other gear drive applications that could also benefit from asymmetric tooth gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-11-01

Influence of the Defect Size on the Tooth Root Load Carrying Capacity

The objective of this work is to introduce a method for the calculation of the tooth root load carrying capacity for gears, under consideration of the influence of the defect size on the endurance fatigue strength of the tooth root. The theoretical basis of this method is presented in this paper as well as the validation in running tests of helical and beveloid gears with different material batches, regarding the size distribution of inclusions. The torque level for a 50 percent failure probability of the gears is evaluated on the test rig and then compared to the results of the simulation. The simulative method allows for a performance of the staircase method that is usually performed physically in the back-to-back tests for endurance strength, as the statistical influence of the material properties is considered in the calculation model. The comparison between simulation and tests shows a high level of accordance.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-10-31

Gear Expo Swag Report

Soon you will be reading lots of stories about the 2017 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting and Gear Expo in our magazine and online reports. BUT, the info...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-10-27

Storage Problems

One of my favorite science fiction books is A Canticle for Leibowitz, by Walter M. Miller, Jr., originally published in 1960. This post-ap...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-10-25

Gear Expo Day 1

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-10-10

Napoleon Engineering Services Announces Rolling-Contact Fatigue and Wear Testing

The largest independent bearing testing and inspection facility in the United States, Napoleon Engineering Services (NES) has announced t...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-09-26

Where Did All the Big Projects Go?

Remembering the “good old days” too often or too fondly is an occupational hazard for a veteran blogger like me. I try to temper “story time” with ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-09-22

KISSsoft Calculations Include Splines, Springs and Plain Hydrodynamic Bearings

KISSsoft's spline calculation now also includes a new function for calculating the strength of involute splined joints according to A...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-09-19

What is Your Elevator Pitch?

Networking is an important part of business life these days; it always has been. Internet sites like LinkedIn promise to connect us to other like-m...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-09-14

Developing Resilience

For many years, “robust” was a popular business buzz word. The idea was to make certain your procedures and processes were “strong” enough to withs...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-09-11

Seeq R18 Visual Analytics Software Adds Ease-of-Use Features, Additional Interface Options

Seeq Corporation announced the release of its latest version, Seeq R18. This is the seventh release of Seeq software in just the past 18 ...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-09-01

Gear Expo 2017 and ASM Heat Treat 2017 Booth Previews

The latest technology on display in Columbus, OH. October 24-26.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-09-01

ASM Heat Treat 2017

Don't miss these exhibitors co-located with Gear Expo.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2017-09-01

Backlash and Axial Movement

What is the relationship between angular backlash and mean or normal backlash, the axial movement of wheel gear, and mean or normal backlash for bevel and hypoid gears?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-09-01

Tooth Contact Analysis - Off Line of Action Contact and Polymer Gears

The aim of the study was to apply such a specialized tooth contact analysis method, well-used within the steel gear community, to a polymer gear application to assess what modifications need be made to these models for them to be applicable to polymer gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-09-01

Analysis of Excitation Behavior of Two-Stage Gearbox Based Upon Validated Simulation Model

In order to reduce costs for development and production, the objective in gearbox development and design is to predict running and noise behavior of a gearbox without manufacturing a prototype and running expensive experimental investigations. To achieve this objective, powerful simulation models have to be set up in a first step. Afterwards, those models have to be qualified and compared to experimental investigations. During the investigation procedure of gearboxes, there are two possibilities to evaluate the running and noise behavior: quasi-static and dynamic investigations. In times of engine downsizing, e-mobility and lightweight design, the dynamic excitation behavior is becoming increasingly important.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-08-31

Cost Reduction Ideas

A commentator recently asked for “real world” examples of how he could reduce costs and win more orders. Improved technology is often cited as the ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-08-29

Fact Checking Legends

The much better half returned from her first beauty shop appointment in Oil City, shaking her newly coiffed head. Her stylist was an Oil Country li...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-08-24

Effective Instructions

Have you ever tried to assemble something with poorly written or translated instructions? The classic image of a befuddled father on Christmas Eve ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-08-23

KISSsoft 03/2017 Release Allows Users to Evaluate Reliability of Gear Units, Individual Gears and Rolling Bearings

A function in KISSsoft Release 03/2017 enables you to evaluate the reliability of gear units, individual gears and rolling bearings. ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-08-08

WZL Gear Conference Highlights Latest Technology

Liebherr Gear Technology Inc. recently hosted the 7th WZL Gear Conference in the USA 2017 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This two-day program o...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-08-01

The Right Tool for the Job

When a gearbox remanufacturer is trying to decide whether to regrind or replace a gear, any number of factors could be running through their head. Here are some remanufacturers' processes on how they reach the conclusions they do, and why you should listen to them.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-08-01

Determination of Maximum Loads for Drivetrain Components in Thrusters Using Flexible Multibody-System Models

The usage of modern thrusters allows combining the functions of the drive and the ship rudder in one unit, which are separated in conventional ship propulsion systems. The horizontally oriented propeller is supported in a vertically rotatable nacelle that is mounted underneath the ship's hull. The propeller can directly or indirectly be driven by an electric motor or combustion engine. Direct drive requires the installation of a low-speed electric motor in the nacelle. This present paper concentrates on indirect drives where the driving torque is transferred by bevel gear stages and shafts from the motor to the propeller.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-08-01

FE-Based Approaches for Tip Relief Design

The deformation of the gear teeth due to load conditions may cause premature tooth meshing. This irregular tooth contact causes increased stress on the tooth flank. These adverse effects can be avoided by using defined flank modifications, designed by means of FE-based tooth contact analysis.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-08-01

Efficient Hard Finishing of Asymmetric Tooth Profiles and Topological Modifications by Generating Grinding

In order to improve load-carrying capacity and noise behavior, gears usually have profile and lead modifications. Furthermore, in gears where a specified tooth-flank load application direction (for drive and coast flanks) is a design enhancement, or even compulsory, the asymmetric tooth profile is a further solution. Nowadays, many gears need to be hard finished. Continuous generating grinding offers a very high process efficiency, but is this process able to grind all modifications, especially asymmetric gears? Yes, it is!
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-07-28

A New Quoting Model?

Anyone actually enjoy quoting? For such an important part of daily business the process of establishing prices to offer a customer seems universall...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-07-11

Third Wave Systems AdvantEdge Software Expanded to Include Gear Machining

Third Wave Systems has successfully developed and simulated the complex processes involved in spiral bevel gear machining. With this Adva...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-07-03

Happy Independence Day!

Other than the fireworks, it is a quiet day for most of us here in the United States. We need this annual holiday to remind us that, despite the ve...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2017-07-01

Backlash in Bevel and Hypoid Gears

What is the relationship between angular backlash or mean normal backlash change and the axial movement of the ring gear in bevel and hypoid gears?
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-07-01

You Cannot Rely on Labor Efficiency Reporting

In manufacturing, we all know that tracking statistics on your operation is essential for understanding how you're doing, as well as identifying areas for improvement. But what does the efficiency metric actually tell you?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-07-01

Contact Fatigue Characterization of Through-Hardened Steel for Low-Speed Applications like Hoisting

In several applications like hoisting equipment and cranes, open gears are used to transmit power at rather low speeds (tangential velocity < 1m/s) with lubrication by grease. In consequence those applications have particularities in terms of lubricating conditions and friction involved, pairing of material between pinion and gear wheel, lubricant supply, loading cycles and behavior of materials with significant contact pressure due to lower number of cycles.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-06-20

KISSsoft Software Introduces Options for Sizing Shaft Dimensions

When defining dimensions for shafts, KISSsoft's software now provides options for sizing shaft dimensions with regard to strength, an...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-06-19

Oven Industries 5R6-900 Temperature Controller Model Offers Versatile Features

Oven Industries now offers the Temperature Controller Model 5R6-900 for use in laboratories and temperature cycling applications. The dev...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-06-13

Reconsidering Unwritten Rules

The recent brawl in baseball reminded me that despite the ability to Google almost anything, many people are unpleasantly surprised by the “unwritt...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-06-13

Mastercam 2018 Focuses on Efficiency and Speed

Mastercam 2018 was recently introduced at EASTEC where attendees were impressed with the tools the software has available to get parts off...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-06-01

Wind Turbine Gearbox Reliability

A high number of wind turbine gearboxes do not meet their expected design life, despite meeting the design criteria of current bearing, gear and wind turbine industry standards and certifications.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-06-01

Testing 1-2-3

Software updates for the gear industry. What's new and noteworthy in software applications in 2017?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-06-01

Twist Control Grinding

This paper introduces the latest process developments for the hard-finishing of gears, specifically in regard to controlling the so-called flank twist.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-06-01

Surface Structure Shift for Ground Bevel Gears

Ground bevel and hypoid gears have a designed motion error that defines parts of their NVH behavior. The surface structure is defined by the hard finishing process.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-06-01

Designing Very Strong Gear Teeth by Means of High Pressure Angles

The purpose of this paper is to present a method of designing and specifying gear teeth with much higher bending and surface contact strength (reduced bending and surface contact stresses). This paper will show calculation procedures, mathematical solutions and the theoretical background equations to do this.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-05-30

Leadership or Management?

My last post mentioned the big changes in the gear industry during my 47 year tenure, and the importance of visionary leadership. I have come to un...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-05-23

Why Are We Here?

Back when getting ISO 9000 certified was “the thing,” companies were expected to have a mission statement. I retroactively confess to not being a “...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-05-19

Exploring New Methods

I have been following developments on gear making in general-purpose CNC machines with great interest. The advent of affordable gear grinding seems...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-05-11

Here There Be Dragons

On the AGMA Helical Gear Rating Committee we frequently deal with how to warn users away from potentially dangerous designs. Some years ago our won...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-05-09

Life is Uncertain

I love pithy statements of advice. If someone starts out with “Life is uncertain,” I will immediately add “so eat dessert first.” Call me the short...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-05-08

Mahr MarCom Professional 5.2 Metrology Software Connects up to 32 Instruments Wirelessly, 128 Wired

Mahr Federal is now offering its MarCom Professional metrology software version 5.2 as a free download from Mahr's website. MarCom 5....
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-05-02

Invisible Activity

Are you familiar with the “Law of the Farm?” The Law reminds everyone that there are some activities that cannot be rushed. No matter how many trac...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-05-01

Gear Design Deconstructed

How difficult is it to design a gear? It depends upon whom you ask.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-05-01

Transmission Throwdown

Which transmission system will come out on top is a hot topic in the automotive community. With multiple transmission-centric conferences on the horizon, there will be plenty of debate, but how much will the answer actually affect gear manufacturers, and when?
ASK THE EXPERT | 2017-05-01

Gear Teeth as Bearing Surfaces

A reader wonders about gears where the tops of the teeth are the bearing surface, as used in spur gear differentials. Do they require any special construction or processing?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-05-01

Inclusion-Based Bending Strength Calculation of Gears

Reduced component weight and ever-increasing power density require a gear design on the border area of material capacity. In order to exploit the potential offered by modern construction materials, calculation methods for component strength must rely on a deeper understanding of fracture and material mechanics in contrast to empirical-analytical approaches.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-05-01

Performance and Machining of Advanced Engineering Steels in Power Transmission Applications - Continued Developments

It is becoming increasingly apparent that material properties can and will play a greater role than before in addressing the challenges most transmission manufacturers are facing today. Making use of materials' intrinsic fatigue properties provides a new design tool to support the market changes taking place.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-05-01

Industry News

Faydor Litvin, 1914-2017; Michael Goldstein receives AGMA Distinguished Service Award.
ADDENDUM | 2017-05-01

The Guy Who Put the Gearbox Up Front

As the Indianapolis 500 begins its second hundred years, it is a good opportunity to recall the guy who put the gearbox "up front."
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-04-20

Innovation in Mature Products

Many people look back fondly on the days of the annual model change in the automobile market. Car dealerships would cover their display windows and...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-04-11

Why Things Break

I used to tease our maintenance staff that there were only two reasons a machine went down: it went down because we worked on it or because we did ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-04-04

Seco/Warwick Continuous Control Solution Provides Full Temperature Control in Multi-Chamber Furnaces

The Seco/Warwick engineering team has designed a new form of continuous control over the heating and cooling of the entire cycl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-04-04

What Makes a Good Design?

In my last post I insisted that good design wins in the marketplace. As a student of automotive history, I am compelled to admit that some very gre...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-03-28

Should Gear Technology be Open Source?

One of the few things I miss about my old commute is all the great content I heard on public radio. Ten hours a week of news, in depth features, an...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-03-21

Every Story Matters

One of my favorite car enthusiast publications, Hemmings Classic Car, has a monthly feature where readers submit a personal essay on their...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-03-21

Worm Gears: Higher Energy Efficiency and Less Strain on Resources

Introduction The concepts of sustainability and energy efficiency are gaining importance in power transmission engineering. Mor...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-03-17

KISSsoft Module Defines Gear Body Deformation

For webbed gears, the deformation of the gear rim occurs in three dimensions and therefore cannot be calculated by the one-dimensional be...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-03-14

Shared Knowledge

If you think you know something, try teaching it. Putting aside the average engineer’s aversion to public speaking, the prospect of organizing your...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-03-10

Third Wave Systems AdvantEdge Software Offers Process Kinematics for Cylindrical Hobbing

Third Wave Systems has released the new AdvantEdge Gear Machining v1.0. As part of the new release, the first version will include cylind...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-03-09

Is This Change Necessary?

Ranting about needless software upgrades got me thinking about why we love “new” things. Aren’t there some things we should leave well enough alone...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-03-07

Change for the Sake of Change?

One of the great things about social media is the opportunity to keep up with what is going on with family and friends. Sometimes you can offer an ...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-03-01

Analysis and Optimization of Contact Ratio of Asymmetric Gears

This article presents an analysis of asymmetric tooth gears considering the effective contact ratio that is also affected by bending and contact tooth deflections. The goal is to find an optimal solution for high performance gear drives, which would combine high load capacity and efficiency, as well as low transmission error (which affects gear noise and vibration).
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-02-23

Operator Error

The backlash discussion posted previously was inspired by the comments posted on a hobby website I frequent. The commentator was of the opinion tha...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-02-21

Unreasonable Backlash

Not to worry — no politics here. The “backlash” I want to talk about is the “lost motion” in gear systems. It sometimes seems to rile people up alm...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-02-14

Faster is Not Always Better

That old “Overhead” article reminded me of what a shock it was when we first moved into cellular manufacturing. After years of investigating ways t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2017-02-08

Oven Industries Temperature Controller Features Proportional Integral Control Algorithm for Thermoelectric Modules

Oven Industries offers the 5R9-350 field configurable low cost temperature controller.  Accessories available are digital display, k...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-02-07

Gear Technology in 1912

Continuing with that January 1912 issue of Industrial Engineering magazine … Imagine the courage it took to present a seven-page articl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-01-26

Way Waaay Back

Writing about my now cumbersome reference library prompted a bit of consolidation and reorganization. Unfortunately, my resolve diminished when I c...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-01-19

Gears That Time Forgot

My consulting practice covers a very wide range of products — from 4-inch circular pitch mill stands to 180-NDP handheld medical devices — I see th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-01-12

The Essential Gear Book?

Continuing our discussion of gear training…   What one book would you advise a newbie to purchase, read, and keep handy in the years ahe...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-01-10

Language Barrier

I have great admiration for people who can speak multiple languages, a skill that had eluded me despite two fairly serious efforts to learn a secon...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2017-01-03

Reflections on a Blog

This posting is the start of our fourth year of blogging on the gear industry. When the idea was first presented to me I did not have a firm idea o...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2017-01-01

Slow and Steady

The results of our Annual State of the Gear Industry Survey (See page 26) provided insight on 2016 as well as forecasts for 2017. Here is additional insight from some of the industry's leaders.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2017-01-01

Repair of Large, Surface-Degraded Industrial Gears - a New Approach

This paper presents a new approach to repair industrial gears by showing a case study where pressure angle modification is also considered, differently from the past repairing procedures that dealt only with the modification of the profile shift coefficient. A computer program has been developed to automatically determine the repair alternatives under two goals: minimize the stock removal or maximize gear tooth strength.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-12-28

KISSsoft Offers New Evaluations in Contact Analysis

The contact analysis is used for further noise and strength optimization. Based on the determination of tooth stiffness according to Webe...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-12-20

Mitutoyo CNC Cylindricity Measuring System Boasts High Rotational Accuracy

Mitutoyo has announced the release of the RA-6000CNC, a custom-built CNC roundness/cylindricity measuring system with best-in-class accur...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-12-15

Repair, Replace, or Rebuild?

      I enjoy watching car auctions on cable television. Some of my enjoyment comes from the commen...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-12-06

It’s a 24/7/52 World

    This curmudgeon recently got a good lesson on how the Internet has changed the world. My adult children have been trying to get...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-11-25

Kitagawa Digital Grip Force Analyzer Software Determines Workholding Gripping Force

Kitagawa NorthTech, Inc. has introduced their new Digital Grip Force Analyzer software and kit (PC Version) for machine tool users and ma...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-11-23

ANCA RoboTeach Software Decreases Teaching Time for the Fanuc 200iD Robot

ANCA's new RoboTeach solution enables greater efficiency and accuracy when setting up robot automation on their CNC grinding machines...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-11-22

Thanksgiving

I was going to reflect on how November 22, 1963 changed so many things, but decided it wasn’t an anniversary ending in a five or a zero and I would...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-11-21

Mitutoyo Report Scheduler Standard Edition Added to the MeasurLink Software Suite

Mitutoyo has announced the release of Report Scheduler Standard Edition, a product available in the MeasurLink suite of applications. Usi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-11-15

Friends in High Places

U.S.-based motorsports have had a lot to cheer about in Formula One this season with the debut of the first American team in thirty years. Haas F1,...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-11-11

Rohm Cartridge Mandrel Offers High Accuracy for Internal Clamping

Rohm Products of America recently introduced the lightweight, compact Agilis power-operated cartridge mandrel clamping system. This new m...
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2016-11-01

Our Next Leader

No, not that president! I mean Matt Croson, the new president of the American Gear Manufacturers Association, who started in June and has been busy getting to know the gear industry and AGMA's members.
VOICES | 2016-11-01

AGMA Standards Committees Keep Industry in Business

More than 100 years ago, gear manufacturers were facing a significant challenge from industry. The incredible advances in industrialization and transportation that occurred at the turn of the 20th century resulted in incredible growth for gear makers, but there were significant technical issues. "The lack of process and product standardization was a continuing problem in all U.S. industry. The lack of industry-wide gear standards meant there were no standard gear tooth sizes, ratings, quality definition or consistent manufacturing methods" (Celebrating 100 Years of Gearing, pg. 22).
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-11-01

DIGITIZE or DIE

In a capitalist society, the way things usually work is that government and academia focus on research and development, while industry focuses on commercialization. The result is an increasingly wide disconnect in the applied research sector, which deals primarily with technology development and demonstration.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-11-01

The Role of Natural Frequencies in Grinding Systems Vibration

Excessive machine tool vibration during a precision grinding operation can result in poor workpiece quality in the form of chatter, rough finishes, burn, etc. One possible reason for excessive vibration is directly associated with the relationship between natural frequencies of a machine tool system and the operating speed of the grinding wheel spindle.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-11-01

Calculation of the Tooth Root Strength of Worm Wheel Teeth Based on Local Stresses

How local stresses obtained from FEA can be used to determine fatigue strength of worm wheel teeth.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-10-28

Ipsen Shows Off PdMetrics Predictive Software at FNA 2016

Last week at Furnaces North America (FNA) 2016, Ipsen provided an in-depth look at their latest technologies and advancements. They also ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-10-20

Non-Traditional Manufacturing

While 3-D printing looks for its place in the manufacturing world, other non-traditional methods are finding their way into our gear shops. Some, s...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-10-18

KISSsoft Determines Misalignment of Bevel Gears in Latest Update

The relative position of the pinion and the ring gear is critical in determining the wear patterns of bevel gears. To determine the bevel...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-10-18

Does New Technology Require New Companies?

Our society seems enamored with new technology and the fortunes that can be made through a startup company. This has always puzzled me; a number of...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-10-18

Two Problems, Two Machines, Two Solutions

Delta’s Investment in New Mitsubishi Equipment Adds Capacity, Reduces Cycle Time Dwight Smith, Vice President, Mitsubishi Hea...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-10-14

MESYS Updates Online Calculations

The free online calculations have been updated and can now be used on mobile devices. The calculations can either be used embedded in thi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-10-11

The Birth of an Industry

Do you know your company’s origin story? I have worked at seven different gear companies and have visited dozens more; all of them seem to have an ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-09-29

One Step at a Time

My first drafting class involved a lot of pencil sharpening. It was a boring exercise that the students found somewhat insulting. There were pencil...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-09-27

Each One Teach One

I have posted before about the many people who helped me along the way to becoming a productive member of the gear community. Today I would like to...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-09-22

Articles Wanted 

  In a short chat in the Gear Technology booth at the International Machine Tool Show the topic came up of what sort of articles o...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-09-19

Holroyd Tool Management Center Improves Accuracy and Repeatability of Milling Large Helical Rotors

A newly developed ‘large diameter' CNC cutter grinding machine from Holroyd Precision Ltd is designed to bring considerable adv...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-09-15

Important Travel Skills

A cable TV movie brought a chuckle here at the world headquarters for an opening scene of two soon-to-be-dead characters arguing over a road map. A...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2016-09-01

Product News

News on the latest products in the industry.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-09-01

Managing Shop Floor Data

There's no substitute for a good software package in gear manufacturing. It's a critical shop floor tool that provides practical engineering services that customers appreciate. When you're in the business of specifying and procuring high quality gears, the software needs to meet many objectives including the consideration of all tolerances of center distance, tooth thickness and tip diameters, root diameters, fillets, etc. It's also imperative that the software updates include the latest revisions to the gear standards being used in the industry.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-09-01

Increased Tooth Bending Strength and Pitting Load Capacity of Fine-Module Gears

The common calculation methods according to DIN 3990 and ISO 6336 are based on a comparison of occurring stress and allowable stress. The influence of gear size on the load-carrying capacity is considered with the size factors YX (tooth root bending) and ZX (pitting), but there are further influences, which should be considered. In the following, major influences of gear size on the load factors as well as on the permissible tooth root bending and contact stress will be discussed.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-09-01

A Proposed Pre-Finish Cylindrical Gear Quality Standard

This proposed standard would not make any recommendations regarding the required quality for any application. The intent is to establish standard pre-finish quality classes for typical finishing operations, which only include the inspection elements that are important to properly evaluate pre-finish gear quality as it applies to the finishing operation. It would be the responsibility of the manufacturing/process engineer, quality engineer, or other responsible individual to establish the required pre-finish quality class for their application.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-09-01

Finite Element Analysis of Tooth Flank Fracture Using Boundary Conditions from LTCA

This paper demonstrates an application of the tooth interior fatigue fracture (TIFF) analysis method, as implemented in SMT's MASTA software, in which loaded tooth contact analysis (LTCA) results from a specialized 3-D contact model have been utilized to determine the load boundary conditions for analysis of tooth flank fracture (TFF).
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-09-01

Contingency Planning

I got caught up in a messy but foreseeable travel delay coming home from my first trip to China. Foreseeable because airplanes are machines and mac...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-08-30

Hear it First at FTM 2016

Gear Technology has a long history of publishing and archiving important technical papers from the American Gear Manufacturers’ Associatio...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-08-25

Gear Toys

My recent blog on educating kids on gears coincided with a birthday party invitation for a great nephew. Not having grandchildren of our own — I da...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-08-02

Standing on the Shoulders of Giants

  Our Facebook page recently displayed some great vintage photos of the old Mesta Machine shop. Back when American firms built the biggest ...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-08-01

IMTS 2016 Booth Previews

Comprehensive descriptions of what you will find in the booths of many leading gear industry suppliers at IMTS 2016.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2016-08-01

Product news

News about the latest products in the industry.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2016-08-01

Helical Gear Systems

In terms of the tooth thickness, should we use the formulation with respect to normal or transverse coordinate system? When normalizing this thickness in order to normalize the backlash (backlash parameter), we should divide by the circular pitch. Thus, when normalizing, should this circular pitch be defined in the normal or traverse coordinate system, depending on which formulation has been used? Is the backlash parameter always defined with respect to the tangential plane or normal plane for helical gears?
ADDENDUM | 2016-08-01

What Was He Thinking

Having read about an automobile race in France, Kohlsaat decided he'd host America's first auto race in Chicago. The year was 1895 and automobiles were still a great curiosity. Kohlsaat, owner/publisher of the Chicago Times Herald, planned to exploit the growing interest in motoring by sponsoring a 54-mile race from downtown Chicago to nearby suburb Evanston, Illinois, and back. The match was open to all comers, foreign or domestic, whether powered by gas, electricity, or steam. The top prize: $2,000 (that's 50,000 2016 dollars).
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-07-20

Covering All Angles

Klingelnberg Hosts 6th WZL Gear Conference in the USA 2016  Matthew Jaster, Senior Editor ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-07-19

Continuing Education

Gear Technology has a major interest in educating its readers. Cutting-edge technical papers are a primary component of o...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-07-15

IMTS 2016 Tooling and Workholding Pavilion to Showcase Advances in Accuracy and Efficiency

Innovative machinery from around the world will be on display at IMTS - The International Manufacturing Technology Show. Key to maximizin...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-07-12

Klüber Gear Oils Provide Improved Component Reliability

Klüber Lubrication, a worldwide manufacturer of specialty lubricants, provides high-performance gear oils that are based on high-gra...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-07-01

The Wait is Over for Lab-Level Shop Floor Inspection

Schafer Gear Works greatly reduces gear inspection queue time and adds precious capacity by installing Gleason's new "shop-hardened" 300GMS P gear inspection system.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-07-01

Influence of Hobbing Tool Generating Scallops on Root Fillet Stress Concentrations

While designing gear and spline teeth, the root fillet area and the corresponding maximum tensile stress are primary design considerations for the gear designer. Root fillet tensile stress may be calculated using macro-geometry values such as module, minor diameter, effective fillet radius, face width, etc.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-07-01

Hybrid Hertzian and FE-Based Helical Gear-Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis and Comparison with FE

Gear-loaded tooth contact analysis is an important tool for the design and analysis of gear performance within transmission and driveline systems. Methods for the calculation of tooth contact conditions have been discussed in the literature for many years. It's possible the method you've been using is underestimating transmission error in helical gears. Here's why.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-06-23

Revisiting the Bad Old Days

  Unless you are involved with rebuilding old equipment, it may be entirely possible to never see a tooth flank with “progressive pitting.”...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-06-22

GWJ Technology Offers New Calculation Modules for Cylindrical Gears

GWJ Technology GmbH, a manufacturer of calculation software for machine elements and gearboxes, has upgraded its web-based calculation so...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-06-22

When Do You Trust Computers?

As mentioned previously in this blog, I am active in motor racing as a car owner, mechanic, and public relations representative. I first became a f...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-06-21

Missing the Geek Squad

  One of the things I miss most about full-time work is the presence of knowledgeable, in-house technical support for my comput...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-06-14

Daily Chores

A current project has reminded me just how difficult it is to pull cost estimates together. You would think that with business being slow due to th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-06-07

Training Days

What a pleasant surprise this week to get a request for information on training rookie gear machine operators! It is easy to get caught up in the n...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-06-01

Worm Gear Efficiency Estimation and Optimization

This paper outlines the comparison of efficiencies for worm gearboxes with a center distance ranging from 28 - 150 mm that have single reduction from 5 to 100:1. Efficiencies are calculated using several standards (AGMA, ISO, DIN, BS) or by methods defined in other bibliographic references. It also deals with the measurement of torque and temperature on a test rig — required for the calibration of an analytical model to predict worm gearbox efficiency and temperature. And finally, there are examples of experimental activity (wear and friction measurements on a blockon- ring tribometer and the measurements of dynamic viscosity) regarding the effort of improving the efficiency for worm gear drivers by adding nanoparticles of fullerene shape to standard PEG lubricant
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-06-01

Innovations for High Productivity Generating Grinding

In comparison to the visionary Industry 4.0 - or the Fourth Industrial Revolution - the machine tool industry can appear rather down-to-earth.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-06-01

Gear Backlash Analysis of Unloaded Gear Pairs in Transmissions

A best practice in gear design is to limit the amount of backlash to a minimum value needed to accommodate manufacturing tolerances, misalignments, and deflections, in order to prevent the non-driving side of the teeth to make contact and rattle. Industry standards, such as ANSI/AGMA 2002 and DIN3967, provide reference values of minimum backlash to be used in the gear design. However, increased customers' expectations in vehicle noise eduction have pushed backlash and allowable manufacturing tolerances to even lower limits. This is especially true in the truck market, where engines are quieter because they run at lower speeds to improve fuel economy, but they quite often run at high torsional vibration levels. Furthermore, gear and shaft arrangements in truck transmissions have become more complex due to increased number of speeds and to improve efficiency. Determining the minimum amount of backlash is quite a challenge. This paper presents an investigation of minimum backlash values of helical gear teeth applied to a light-duty pickup truck transmission. An analytical model was developed to calculate backlash limits of each gear pair when not transmitting load, and thus susceptible to generate rattle noise, through different transmission power paths. A statistical approach (Monte Carlo) was used since a significant number of factors affect backlash, such as tooth thickness variation; center distance variation; lead; runout and pitch variations; bearing clearances; spline clearances; and shaft deflections and misalignments. Analytical results identified the critical gear pair, and power path, which was confirmed experimentally on a transmission. The approach presented in this paper can be useful to design gear pairs with a minimum amount of backlash, to prevent double flank contact and to help reduce rattle noise to lowest levels.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2016-06-01

Apologies

I'd like to apologize to the dedicated people working on revisions to the AGMA 925 standard and the Technical Report ISO 15144-1, both of which deal with the issue of micropitting. In the March/April issue of Gear Technology, we published an opinion piece in our Voices column that harshly criticized the methods for predicting micropitting outlined in ISO 15144-1.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-05-24

KISSsoft and SKF Collaborate on Rolling Bearings Data

The new version of KISSsoft 03/2016 now contains the very latest data from the "Rolling Bearings" catalog. By cooperation betwe...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-05-10

Walter Wear-Optimization App Decreases Wear on Indexable-Inserts and Round-Tools

A new Walter app, which works on all current mobile devices and operating systems, enables users to identify all specific forms of wear o...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-05-03

Ricardo Software Ignite Vehicle System Simulator Incorporates Modelon's Optimica Compiler Toolkit

Ricardo Software recently announced a key partnership that will deliver immediate benefits to users of its Ignite complete vehicle system...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-05-03

Improved Navigation

  An inspection of a gearbox as old as me required a trip to Boston and a drive north into New Hampshire this week. I had been to Boston se...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-05-01

All-For-One, One-For-All

The "less is more" mantra is certainly a rallying cry in manufacturing. Technologies like multiaxis machining, 3D printing and automation are enabling companies to be more efficient, cost-conscious and flexible on the shop floor.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-05-01

Noise Reduction in an EV Hub Drive Using a Full Test and Simulation Methodology

With the ongoing push towards electric vehicles (EVs), there is likely to be increasing focus on the noise impact of the gearing required for the transmission of power from the (high-speed) electric motor to the road. Understanding automotive noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) and methodologies for total in-vehicle noise presupposes relatively large, internal combustion (IC) contributions, compared to gear noise. Further, it may be advantageous to run the electric motors at significantly higher rotational speed than conventional automotive IC engines, sending geartrains into yet higher speed ranges. Thus the move to EV or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) places greater or different demands on geartrain noise. This work combines both a traditional NVH approach (in-vehicle and rig noise, waterfall plots, Campbell diagrams and Fourier analysis) - with highly detailed transmission error measurement and simulation of the complete drivetrain - to fully understand noise sources within an EV hub drive. A detailed methodology is presented, combining both a full series of tests and advanced simulation to troubleshoot and optimize an EV hub drive for noise reduction.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-04-19

Ransohoff WasteWizard Features Siemens Controls and Expandable Modules

Ransohoff has introduced the next generation of its WasteWizard solution recycling system, which now features advanced Siemens controls w...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-04-15

Holroyd Precision Limited Zenith 400 Helical Profile Grinder Works with Aluminum Oxide, CBN and Vitrified CBN Technologies

Precision Technologies Group company, Holroyd Precision Limited, is to supply one of its ultra-precise Zenith 400 helical profile grinder...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-03-24

KISSsoft Offers Strength Analysis for Cylindrical Gears

The strength calculation method specified in Lloyd's Register:2013 has now been implemented. This specific standard for ships is now ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-03-22

The Beginning of Wisdom

Aphorisms, pithy statements of fact, are a favorite of mine. They appeal because when you need to remember things you cannot always count on ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-03-03

When Do We See the Gears?

In 1971, the American gear business was far different from today. I am unaware of any modern company with a formal gear cutter’s apprenticeship; at...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-03-01

Practical Gear Characteristics: Process Characteristics of the Most Popular Cutting Methods

The cutting process consists of either a roll only (only generating motion), a plunge only or a combination of plunging and rolling. The material removal and flank forming due to a pure generating motion is demonstrated in the simplified sketch in Figure 1 in four steps. In the start roll position (step 1), the cutter profile has not yet contacted the work. A rotation of the work around its axis (indicated by the rotation arrow) is coupled with a rotation of the cutter around the axis of the generating gear (indicated by the vertical arrow) and initiates a generating motion between the not-yet-existing tooth slot of the work and the cutter head (which symbolizes one tooth of the generating gear).
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2016-03-01

Plastic Gearing Continues Converting the Unconverted

Plastic gears are everywhere today - throughout your car, at the oceans' lowest depths, in deep space. The question, when is a metal gear a candidate for plastic conversion, can be addressed in three words, i.e. what's the application?
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-03-01

Stumbled into Gears; Built a Career

After my first year of college I decided it was time to get a real job. My grades were great but full-time school and 40 hours of restaurant work h...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-02-26

KISSsoft Offers Gearbox Calculation Courses

KISSsoft software includes internationally recognized calculation standards and various design and optimization options, based on the exp...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-02-23

Reviving Old Ideas

My last blog may have sounded like I didn’t think there was anything really new to be found in the gear trade. Actually I think there are numerous ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-02-18

Something to Look Forward to

With Super Bowl 50 behind us, the sporting public can turn its attention to basketball and hockey while baseball teams start spring training. Those...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-02-16

Cold Weather Designs

    Growing up in Milwaukee I learned about cold weather early and got a refresher course every winter. These lessons served me wel...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-02-11

The World before Wikipedia and Google

I have a lot of books. Like old friends, they sit on shelves and in boxes waiting for me to need them. It has been pointed out to me that books are...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-02-09

Discovering Gears

Recently, an attorney told me that his eleven-year-old daughter had “discovered” gears in a science class and was excitedly learning all she could ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-02-01

ITAMCO Connects Forklifts to Industrial Internet of Things via Sensors and Software

Forklifts, the workhorses of the plant floor, are more valuable than ever at ITAMCO. The company has connected their forklifts to the Ind...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2016-01-28

Northfield Internal Grip Collet Chuck Balances Drive Shafts

Northfield Precision Instrument Corporation has designed a special internal grip collet chuck for balancing drive shafts. The collet on t...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-01-28

Room for Improvement

Previous blogs here have celebrated the great advances made in gear industry design capabilities and machine tools. As the “paper of record” for th...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-01-19

A Wide World of Gears

Blogging from an American perspective can sometimes make me forget that the gear industry is active around the world. I get occasional reminders in...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2016-01-12

Storage Capacity

The management here at Beyta Gear Service’s world headquarters has ordered a clean-up of certain storage areas. Our now adult children left quite a...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2016-01-01

Premature Gear Failure

I would appreciate if you could assist with a gear failure (occurring) after just seven weeks in service, post installation. This driving gear wheel has been installed in a medium-speed engine with backlash present at four different positions; with additional backlash checked on the mating surfaces. All backlash was found within (OEM)-recommended values. Please note included photos - it seems that the crack has started at the root fillet. Any comments would be appreciated.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-01-01

Influences on Failure Modes and Load-Carrying Capacity of Grease-Lubricated Gears

In order to properly select a grease for a particular application, a sound knowledge of the influence of different grease components and operating conditions on the lubrication supply mechanism and on different failure modes is of great benefit.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2016-01-01

The Importance of Profile Shift, Root Angle Correction and Cutter Head Tilt

Chapter 2, Continued In the previous sections, development of conjugate, face milled as well as face hobbed bevel gearsets - including the application of profile and length crowning - was demonstrated. It was mentioned during that demonstration that in order to optimize the common surface area, where pinion and gear flanks have meshing contact (common flank working area), a profile shift must be introduced. This concluding section of chapter 2 explains the principle of profile shift; i.e. - how it is applied to bevel and hypoid gears and then expands on profile side shift, and the frequently used root angle correction which - from its gear theoretical understanding - is a variable profile shift that changes the shift factor along the face width. The end of this section elaborates on five different possibilities to tilt the face cutter head relative to the generating gear, in order to achieve interesting effects on the bevel gear flank form. This installment concludes chapter 2 of the Bevel Gear Technology book that lays the foundation of the following chapters, some of which also will be covered in this series.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-12-29

One More Story

I recently celebrated my 33rd wedding anniversary and want to share a favorite story of my wonderful wife’s baptism into the trials of t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-12-10

KISSsoft Offers New Shaft Calculation Features

The shaft strength calculation method according to AGMA 6101-E08/6001-E08 is now available, and includes both a static and dynamic proof....
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-11-24

Evaluating Opportunities

Almost every conversation I have with gear industry friends these days seems to start with “How’s business?” When incoming orders are slow it helps...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-11-12

The Price Disconnect

Traditionally, cost estimating is the basis for pricing. I was very surprised the first time a mentor pointed out that the two are often quite disc...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-11-04

New KISSsoft Feature Considers Compliance and Influence on Load Distribution in the Gearbox

In the static system analysis, a new feature considers housing compliance and influence on load distribution in the gearbox as well as lo...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2015-11-01

Buyers Guide

The 2015 Gear Technology Buyers Guide was compiled to provide you with a handy resource containing the contact information for significant suppliers of machinery, tooling, supplies and services used in gear manufacturing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-11-01

Knowing When Enough Is Enough

Detection of impending gear tooth failure is of interest to every entity that utilizes geared transmissions. However, it is of particular significance at the Gear Research Institute (GRI), where sponsored efforts are conducted to establish gear material endurance limits, utilizing gear fatigue tests. Consequently, knowing when a gear is about to fail in each and every test, in a consistent manner, is essential for producing reliable and useful data for the gear industry.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-11-01

Industry News

Latest news from around the industry
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-10-22

3-D Printing Follow-Up

My initial skepticism about 3-D printing’s place in the gear industry took a solid hit during a recent visit to a client. I am used to seeing color...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-10-06

One World Now

My Saturday morning routine now includes watching a bit of “futball” from the English Premier League. The next day an American football game was br...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-09-30

Adcole Model 1310S Inline Camshaft Gage Features Sub-Micron Accuracy

Adcole Corporation recently introduced a new high-speed, fully automated end-of-line camshaft measuring machine that features sub-micron ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-09-22

How Reliable is Our Information?

How much can we trust our understanding of how things work? There was a special joint web ex meeting this week between two AGMA committees that got...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-09-17

DMG Mori GearMILL Software Will be Displayed at Gear Expo

DMG Mori will demonstrate its gear milling portfolio with a focus on GearMILL software and various gear milling processes on multi-taskin...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-09-10

A Century of Gears

The American Gear Manufacturers’ Association [AGMA] will celebrate its 100th Anniversary in 2016. The party will begin with the Fall Tec...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-09-03

KISSsoft Offers Enhanced Heating Calculation for Gearboxes

The efficiency calculation and thermal analysis according to ISO/TR 14179 (module KS2) has been extended with several useful functionalit...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-09-03

When Good Employees Screw Up

A friend of mine is the inspection department for a custom machine shop. He is also the process engineer and, occasionally, a machine operator. Rec...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2015-09-01

Product News

News about New Products
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2015-09-01

The Modern Approach to Transmission System Design and Analysis

Over the last 15 years, there has been significant growth in the number of transmission types as well as their complexity: manual, conventional automatic, dual clutch, automated manual, continuously variable, split power and pure EV transmissions.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-08-27

Has School Started Yet?

Based on television ads, Facebook posts, and the number of school buses on the road it appears school has started for the fall term. It seems a bit...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-08-21

Suhner Spiral Bevel Gears Offer High Power, Low Backlash and Low Noise

Each year, increased engine and motor power require more powerful angle gear heads. Engineers in the tool-making and industrial hand too...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-08-18

KISSsysWeb Allows Companies Simple Calculation of KISSsys Models

KISSsoft recently introduced the KISSsysWeb, a new product that allows companies the calculation of KISSsys models in an easy and simple ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-08-11

Emuge Titanium Program Taps Possess New High Relief Geometry Technology

Emuge Corp. recently introduced a line of high-performance tools for threading demanding alloyed titanium materials. Ranging from taps wi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-08-06

Walter Orbital Thread Mill Unified National Fine Boosts Process Reliability While Cutting Cost

Walter rcentlty introduced its latest orbital thread mills, the orbital thread mill Unified National Fine (UNF) 2xD and 3xD models. Their...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-08-03

Kapp Niles ZE 800 Profile Gear Grinder Will Be Showcased at Gear Expo 2015

The Kapp Niles ZE 800 Profile Gear Grinder and the PM 750/1250 portable gear inspection system from R&P Metrology GmbH will be demons...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2015-08-01

Product News

News about the newest products from the Gear Industry
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-08-01

Tooth Flank Fracture - Basic Principles and Calculation Model for a Sub-Surface-Initiated Fatigue Failure Mode of Case-Hardened Gears

Cracks initiated at the surface of case-hardened gears may lead to typical life-limiting fatigue failure modes such as pitting and tooth root breakage. Furthermore, the contact load on the flank surface induces stresses in greater material depth that may lead to crack initiation below the surface if the local material strength is exceeded. Over time the sub-surface crack propagation may lead to gear failure referred to as “tooth flank fracture” (also referred to as “tooth flank breakage”). This paper explains the mechanism of this subsurface fatigue failure mode and its decisive influence factors, and presents an overview of a newly developed calculation model.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-07-29

Mitutoyo MeasurLink 8.0 Re-Introduces the Gage Management Module

Mitutoyo America Corporation recently announced the latest version of MeasurLink software with a variety of functional improvements. Base...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-07-28

Brainstorming to Better Products

Many gear companies are not in a position to develop new products but most of them could make their current products better. Business schools may p...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-07-27

Of Swamp Coolers and Window Vents

Mr. Carrier did not invent modern air conditioning until 1902 but he was just another in a long line of inventors to seek relief from the summer he...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-07-21

A Long Hot Summer

We are having a bit of a heat wave in the Chicago area, not the deadly type of 1996, but uncomfortable for much outside activity. I marvel at the t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-07-20

TDM Global Line Software Tailored to International Manufacturers With Global Production Sites

TDM Systems recently announced it will launch its new software module, TDM Global Line. in early August. TDM Global Line is tailored to i...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-07-17

Index 'Bevel Gear Hobbing Package' Produces Gears With Tooth Height in a Module Range of 0.6 to 4 mm

Index recently developed a “bevel gear hobbing” package, which consists of a control cycle and four Index cutter heads with m...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-07-09

Passion is a Good Thing

I wrote in my last post about the passion our technical experts feel for the gear trade. Passion, in my opinion, is an underappreciated factor in a...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-07-06

Mitutoyo LEGEX 4 CNC Machine Provides High-Accuracy Measurements

Mitutoyo America Corporation recently released the latest LEGEX CNC coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The LEGEX 4 delivers accuracy in ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-07-02

Is Selling for Dinosaurs?

TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-07-01

I Like Big Gears and I Cannot Lie!

Many years ago, when asked how the five-meter gear was checked, the quality manager responded, “When they’re that big, they’re never bad!” That may have been the attitude and practice in the past, but it no longer serves the manufacturer nor the customer. Requirements have been evolving steadily, requiring gears to perform better and last longer.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-07-01

Impact of Indexing Errors on Spur Gear Dynamics

A transverse-torsional dynamic model of a spur gear pair is employed to investigate the influence of gear tooth indexing errors on the dynamic response. With measured long-period quasi-static transmission error time traces as the primary excitation, the model predicts frequency-domain dynamic mesh force and dynamic transmission error spectra. The dynamic responses due to both deterministic and random tooth indexing errors are predicted.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-06-11

Decisions, Decisions

Twenty years ago, a colleague devoted many hours to developing an all-inclusive computer program that would convert a twenty-question form into fin...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-06-09

When Do You Trust Computers?

As mentioned previously in this blog, I am active in motor racing as a car owner, mechanic, and public relations representative. I’ve first became ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-06-04

Things We Don’t Know

Noted gear consultant and gear educator Ray Drago is fond of saying that a consultant’s best answers usually start with “it depends.” Those of you ...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-06-01

The Basics of Gear Theory

Beginning with our June Issue, Gear Technology is pleased to present a series of full-length chapters excerpted from Dr. Hermann J. Stadtfeld’s latest scholarly — yet practical — contribution to the gear industry — Gleason Bevel Gear Technology. Released in March, 2014 the book boasts 365 figures intended to add graphic support of a better understanding and easier recollection of the covered material.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-06-01

An Approach to Pairing Bevel Gears from Conventional Cutting Machine with Gears Produced on 5-Axis Milling Machine

Developed here is a new method to automatically find the optimal topological modification from the predetermined measurement grid points for bevel gears. Employing this method enables the duplication of any flank form of a bevel gear given by the measurement points and the creation of a 3-D model for CAM machining in a very short time. This method not only allows the user to model existing flank forms into 3-D models, but also can be applied for various other purposes, such as compensating for hardening distortions and manufacturing deviations which are very important issues but not yet solved in the practical milling process.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2015-06-01

Good Morning, Class

Since we began publishing in 1984, Gear Technology's mission has been to educate our readers. For 31 years, we've shown you the basics of gear manufacturing as well as the cutting edge. We take our educational mission quite seriously, and we go through steps that most publishers don't have time for or wouldn't consider.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2015-06-01

Gear mesh, NVH Evaluation

The question is quite broad, as there are different methods for setting various types of gears and complexity of gear assemblies, but all gears have a few things in common.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-06-01

Industry News

News from Around the Gear Industry
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-06-01

Optimal Modifications on Helical Gears for Good Load Distribution and Minimal Wear

Helical gear teeth are affected by cratering wear — particularly in the regions of low oil film thicknesses, high flank pressures and high sliding speeds. The greatest wear occurs on the pinion — in the area of negative specific sliding. Here the tooth tip radius of the driven gear makes contact with the flank of the driving gear with maximum sliding speed and pressure.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-05-26

EFD Induction Awarded Orders for Induction Scanners to Harden Sun Gears and Output Shafts

EFD Induction USA has recently won major orders from two American tier-one automotive suppliers.The orders involve EFD Induction ‘H...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-05-26

Short Lived Gearbox Designs

“All memorable quotations referring to gearboxes involve expletives.” Peter Wright             The author of Fo...

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-05-21

Applied Science, Part Two

My previous posting on engineering vs. science reminded me of a professor who insisted “real engineers” had to be able to reason things back to “fi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-05-20

KISSsoft Adds Flank Fracture Calculation to Latest Release

The flank fracture calculation according to ISO/DTR 19042 was recently added to the latest KISSsoft release 03/2015 (module ZZ4). This ty...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-05-12

Business of Sports, Cont.

Picking up from last week on W. Edwards Deming… We’re constantly hearing sports terms and metaphors used in business c...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-05-05

Building Your Team

The National Football League (NFL) held its annual draft of college players here in Chicago this past week. It is probably the most publicized huma...
ADDENDUM | 2015-05-01

Henry Maudslay

Here is some history that bears repeating - or at least re-reading. So take a few minutes to give it up for a long-gone Brit named Henry Maudslay (August 22, 1771 - February 14, 1831) - also known as "A Founding Father of Machine Tool Technology." You might also consider him an early leader in inspection, as he also invented the first bench micrometer capable of measuring to one ten-thousandth of an inch.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-05-01

Suhner's SU-Flock Silent Flex Shafts Reduce Noise in Power Seats and Sunroofs

Flexible shafts do not create noise, but they can transmit vibrations from the power source, thus creating unacceptable sound levels. Suh...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-04-23

Standards of Excellence

Cadillac once proclaimed itself the “Standard of the World” and did its level best to back that claim up with high levels of product quality and cu...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-04-21

Play Through, Old Friend

One of the consequences of growing older is saying good bye to friends you have made along the way. Word reached me this week that one of the best ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-04-17

KISSsoft Unveils Latest Software at Hannover Messe

KISSsoft recently introduced its new version of KISSsoft 03/2015 at Hannover Messe on April 13. The new version was released with a ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-04-14

AKGears Unveils Latest Tooth Root Fillet Optimization Software

AKGears recently introduced the only commercially available tooth root fillet optimization software that defines the tooth root fillet pr...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-04-10

Meghan Summers-West Named President of CNC Software

Meghan Summers-West was recently appointed president of CNC Software, Inc., the developer of Mastercam CAD/CAM programming...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-03-31

Fighting the Future

My computer repair people advised tossing one of my computers in the trash recently. This loyal travel companion had become so “buggy” from public ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-03-19

Gear Milestones Needed

[starbox]The American Gear Manufacturers Association (www.agma.org) will be celebrating its centennial in 2016. In preparation for the big party, t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-03-11

KISSsoft Explains Calculation of the Face Load Factor

In the KHβ calculation, the manufacturing allowances are now considered using the combinations of (+/-) signs of fma and fhb (module...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-03-02

GWJ Technology Launches New Version of System Calculation for Gearboxes

GWJ Technology GmbH, a manufacturer of calculation software for machine elements and gears, recently launched a new version of its system...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2015-03-01

Product News

The complete Product News section from the March/April 2015 issue of Gear Technology.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2015-03-01

Calculating Face Load Distribution Factor

How should we consider random helix angle errors fHβ and housing machining errors when calculating KHβ? What is a reasonable approach?
ASK THE EXPERT | 2015-03-01

Measuring Residual Stress in Gears

I have heard that X-ray diffraction does not tell the whole story and that I should really run a fatigue test. I understand this may be the best way, but is there another method that gives a high degree of confidence in the residual stress measurement?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-03-01

Prediction of Surface Zone Changes in Generating Gear Grinding

One process for hard finishing gears is generating gear grinding. Due to its high process efficiency, generating gear grinding has replaced other grinding processes such as profile grinding in batch production of small- and middle-sized gears. Yet despite the wide industrial application of generating gear grinding, the process design is based on experience along with time- and cost-intensive trials. The science-based analysis of generating gear grinding demands a high amount of time and effort, and only a few published scientific analyses exist. In this report a thermo-mechanical process model that describes influences on the surface zone in generating gear grinding is introduced.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-03-01

A Practical Approach for Modeling a Bevel Gear

The geometry of the bevel gear is quite complicated to describe mathematically, and much of the overall surface topology of the tooth flank is dependent on the machine settings and cutting method employed. AGMA 929-A06 — Calculation of Bevel Gear Top Land and Guidance on Cutter Edge Radius — lays out a practical approach for predicting the approximate top-land thicknesses at certain points of interest — regardless of the exact machine settings that will generate the tooth form. The points of interest that AGMA 929-A06 address consist of toe, mean, heel, and point of involute lengthwise curvature. The following method expands upon the concepts described in AGMA 929-A06 to allow the user to calculate not only the top-land thickness, but the more general case as well, i.e. — normal tooth thickness anywhere along the face and profile of the bevel gear tooth. This method does not rely on any additional machine settings; only basic geometry of the cutter, blank, and teeth are required to calculate fairly accurate tooth thicknesses. The tooth thicknesses are then transformed into a point cloud describing both the convex and concave flanks in a global, Cartesian coordinate system. These points can be utilized in any modern computer-aided design software package to assist in the generation of a 3D solid model; all pertinent tooth macrogeometry can be closely simulated using this technique. A case study will be presented evaluating the accuracy of the point cloud data compared to a physical part.
EVENTS | 2015-03-01

Calendar

The complete technical calendar from the March/April 2015 issue of Gear Technology.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-02-24

Why is this Stuff Still so Complicated?

[starbox] Much of my engineering practice is working with companies that design machines only once in a while. I enjoy working with the people on ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-02-17

It Isn’t a Job. It’s a Passion

[starbox] February 22-28, 2015 is the 64th annual National Engineers’ Week — as established by the National Society of Professional Engineers. The...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-02-10

Uncertain Times

[starbox] While the news media is heralding improved job and income growth, people in gear manufacturing are worried about the security of their j...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-01-29

Microgeometry

[starbox] Much of my design work involves “math modeling” gearsets to determine the lowest-cost components which will meet the requirements. Over ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-01-29

Feedback and Comments

[starbox] We are starting our second year of this blog and are pleased that it was named one of the Top 50 Design and Development Blogs on the Int...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2015-01-28

GWJ Technology Upgrades eAssistant Software

GWJ Technology GmbH, headquartered in Braunschweig, Germany, has upgraded its web-based calculation software eAssistant with three new mo...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-01-22

Trust, but Verify

[starbox] Lest you come away from my last posting thinking I am completely trapped in the past, I’ve invested a fair amount in new software during ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-01-20

Questioning New Techniques

[starbox] In my last blog I mentioned the great analysis tools available to today’s gear engineers. On a current project, we are eagerly awaitin...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2015-01-09

It’s All About Context

[starbox] I was one of those kids that loved reading the dictionary to learn new words, and that interest has continued into my golden years. Th...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2015-01-01

Hub of the Gear Industry

The name Gleason is practically synonymous with gear manufacturing. Since the company was founded in 1865, the technology of gear manufacturing has been its focus, its core and its competitive advantage.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2015-01-01

Getting in Gear with the Chain of Innovations

At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, so-called mechanics were tasked with devising the precise methods that would make mass production possible. The result was the first generation of machine tools, which in turn required improved tooling and production methods.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2015-01-01

Non-Involute Gearing, Function and Manufacturing Compared to Established Gear Designs

Introduction The standard profile form in cylindrical gears is an involute. Involutes are generated with a trapezoidal rack — the basis for easy and production-stable manufacturing (Fig. 1).
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-12-17

Recreating History

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-12-11

The “Friendly Skies” Rely Upon Friendly Passengers

[starbox] I haven’t flown much this year, so it was with some apprehension that I booked two trips in a single week recently. My wife warned me ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-12-04

Overcoming Adversity

[starbox] My last blog concerned project management and the problems of staying on schedule. I thought it only fair to pass on some techniques I...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-12-01

Helix Unveils Miniature Linear Guidance Products

This new family of linear guidance products from Helix offers precision, accuracy and flexibility, and consists of an embedded inverse ho...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-11-13

A Good Waste of Time

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-11-11

The War to End All Wars

[starbox] As the son of a World War II sailor, I was raised with an honest respect for our nation’s veterans. The massive size of WW II and its ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-11-10

Extended Bolt Calculation in KISSsoft

In the bolt calculation according to VDI 2230 (module SPK), additional strength classes for nuts have been implemented in KISSsoft. ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-11-07

The Importance of Perseverance

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-11-04

Catalog Season

The holiday gift catalogs have started to arrive at my house. Over the years our gift list has been pared down, but we occasionally see something unique that is just perfect for someone on the list.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2014-11-01

Small-Module Gear Design

Gears with a diametral pitch 20 and greater, or a module 1.25 millimeters and lower, are called fine-pitch or low-module gears. The design of these gears has its own specifics.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-11-01

Fabrication of Directly Designed Gears with Symmetric and Asymmetric Teeth

When compared with the traditional gear design approach - based on pre-selected, typically standard generating rack parameters - the alternative Direct Gear Design method provides certain advantages for custom, high-performance gear drives.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-30

Moving the Goal Posts

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INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-10-28

KISSsoft Adds Beveloid Gears Module

Beveloid gears have their own new module in the KISSsoft system (module ZH1). Sizing and dimensioning of beveloid gears have been impleme...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-23

Preserving Gear History

One of the initiatives now in progress since the close of the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) 2014 Fall FTM was building a detailed timeline of the organization’s history since its founding in 1916.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-21

Fall Technical Meeting Report

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-09

Bad Career Moves

My e-mail correspondent was worried about making a bad career move. Since it is unlikely that people starting out in the gear trade today will work...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-07

Spamsters be Damned — We're Bloggin' Here

 [starbox] The anticipated, two-way dialog for this blog has been hampered by persistent spammers trying to scam their way onto t...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-10-02

Adding it All Up

[starbox] So now you’ve seen my “20 Questions” method for employee performance reviews. I’ll make the spreadsheet available through this blog; ple...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-09-24

Attitude is Important, Too

[starbox] I don’t know many people who enjoy working with crabby co-workers. Attitude is a key element in team chemistry, so my evaluation system ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-09-23

E is for Effort

[starbox] The second step in my performance evaluation procedure looks at the effort a team member puts into his or her job. From our first day ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-09-12

A Day We Can Never Forget

[starbox] Yesterday marked a day 13 years ago on which the world changed for all of us. Time forever more to be marked as “before” those terribl...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-09-02

Shared Responsibilities

[starbox] Coming off the Labor Day weekend, I had time to reflect on what the holiday means beyond marking the end of summer, retiring (for the ...
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2014-09-01

Cracking the WIP

Over the past few months I've talked with several different gear manufacturers who are in the process of upgrading their gear making equipment with modern CNC machine tools. Each of these manufacturers has come to the realization that in order to stay competitive, he needs to streamline operations and become more efficient...
VOICES | 2014-09-01

Leading by Example - Remember When

In January of this year we at Gear Technology got hip to the fact-in un-hip, belated fashion - that we needed a Blog Site and someone to do the blogging. Lucky for us, we already had that someone right here - in plain sight. That someone was Charles D. Schultz, P.E.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2014-09-01

Gear Manufacturer Benefits from CAM Initiatives and Advanced Manufacturing Technology

Multiple CAM initiatives at Snyder Industries are improving safety, quality and productivity for parts ranging from 50 to 5,000 lbs.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2014-09-01

Getting the Right Tools

So there is little chance that they need the same software to assist with their work. Gone are the days when companies wrote their own code and process engineers thumbed the same tattered reference book.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-09-01

Less Energy Consumption with High-Efficiency Bevel Gears and their Usage in the U.S.

The efficiency of a gearbox is the output energy divided by the input energy. It depends on a variety of factors. If the complete gearbox assembly in its operating environment is observed, then the following efficiency influencing factors have to be considered
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-09-01

Simulation of Deviations in Hobbing and Generation Grinding

The hobbing and generation grinding production processes are complex due to tool geometry and kinematics. Expert knowledge and extensive testing are required for a clear attribution of cause to work piece deviations. A newly developed software tool now makes it possible to simulate the cutting procedure of the tool and superimpose systematic deviations on it. The performance of the simulation software is illustrated here with practical examples. The new simulation tool allows the user to accurately predict the effect of errors. With this knowledge, the user can design and operate optimal, robust gearing processes.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-09-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the September / October 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-08-28

Specialization is for Insects

[starbox] The sports world was abuzz recently over a girl pitching her Little League team into the World Championship Tournament. For some this ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-08-21

The Pitfalls of Quoting

[starbox] “What will this cost?” is often the most important question in whether a project can move forward. And it is a question every custom man...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-08-19

The Challenge of Maintaining Excellence

[starbox] I blogged earlier about best-selling business books trumpeting rapid growth schemes rather than sustainable performance. Building a succ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-08-14

The Problem of Certainty

[starbox] In writing about unforeseen consequences there is a risk of inspiring such conservatism in design that the resulting product is no lon...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-08-07

Calmness Under Fire

So far, I expect my ideal “leader” to have commitment and vision. A third requirement is calmness under fire. While my life has been blessedly free...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2014-08-01

IMTS 2014: This is Big

Here's everything you need to know about IMTS 2014, including an interview with Peter Eelman, AMT's VP of Exhibitions and Communications.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2014-08-01

Importance of Contact Pattern in Assembly of Bevel vs Cylindrical Gears

Why is there so much emphasis on the tooth contact pattern for bevel gears in the assembled condition and not so for cylindrical gears, etc?
ASK THE EXPERT | 2014-08-01

The Pros and Cons of Fully Ground Root Fillets

For maximum life in carburized and ground gearing, I have been advised that fully grinding a radius into the root gives maximum resistance against fatigue failures. Others have advised that a hobbed and unground radius root form is best. Which is best, and why?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-08-01

Setting Load Parameters for Viable Fatigue Testing of Gears in Powertrain Axles Part I: Single-Reduction Axles

This presentation introduces a new procedure that - derived from exact calculations - aids in determining the parameters of the validation testing of spiral bevel and hypoid gears in single-reduction axles.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-08-01

First International Involute Gear Comparison

Measurement institutions of seven different countries — China, Germany, Japan, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the U.S. — participated in the implementation of the first international comparison of involute gear measurement standards. The German metrology institute Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) was chosen as the pilot laboratory as well as the organizer. Three typical involute gear measurement standards provided by the PTB were deployed for this comparison: a profile, a helix and a pitch measurement standard. In the final analysis, of the results obtained from all participants, the weighted mean was evaluated as reference value for all 28 measured parameters. However, besides the measurement standards, the measured parameters, and, most importantly, some of the comparison results from all participants are anonymously presented. Furthermore, mishandling of the measurement standards as occurred during the comparison will be illustrated.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-07-24

Leadership 101 — Commitment

[starbox] Much of what I believe about leadership I learned from the scouting program. I was a scout as a boy and when my children reached that ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-07-15

Our “Common” Language?

[starbox] Watching the World Cup final reminds me of that old adage about Americans and the English being divided by a common language. For exam...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-07-10

If You Are Going to Make Buggy Whips…

[starbox] If you are going to make buggy whips, they better be good ones. That is the lesson I took away from reading about hundred-year-old Wis...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-07-08

Better to be Lucky than Smart

[starbox] The special 30th Anniversary Issue of Gear Technology magazine represents a lot of extra work on the part of...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2014-07-01

No Compromising on Quality at Allison Transmission

Gleason 350GMS helps put higher quality, more reliable gears into its next-generation TC10 automatic transmission.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-07-01

Innovative Induction Hardening Process with Pre-heating for Improved Fatigue Performance of Gear Component

Contact fatigue and bending fatigue are two main failure modes of steel gears, while surface pitting and spalling are two common contact fatigue failures -- caused by alternating subsurface shear stresses from the contact load between two gear mates. And when a gear is in service under cyclic load, concentrated bending stresses exist at the root fillet -- the main driver of bending fatigue failures. Induction hardening is becoming an increasingly popular response to these problems, due to its process consistency, reduced energy consumption, clean environment and improved product quality -- but not without issues of its own (irregular residual stresses and bending fatigue). Thus a new approach is proposed here that flexibly controls the magnitude of residual stress in the regions of root fillet and tooth flank by pre-heating prior to induction hardening. Using an external spur gear made of AISI 4340 as an example, this new concept/process is demonstrated using finite element modeling and DANTE commercial software.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-06-24

Learning from the Past, Looking to the Future

[starbox] There is a new commercial airing that shows flashbacks of a young girl enjoying a family road trip from the rear facing seat in their ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-06-17

School’s Out for Summer?

[starbox] June has always been a favorite month for me because it signaled the start of summer vacation. In the many years since I graduated hig...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-06-12

The Error of Hiding Failures

[starbox] The General Motors ignition switch fiasco remains in the headlines, having cost many lives, millions of dollars, and a number a career...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-06-03

Failures Need Not Be Permanent

[starbox] The mailman delivered some used books to my house this week, so I expect to be blogging a bit about their content in the coming weeks....
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2014-06-01

30 Years of Calculation

Examining the history of software in mechanical engineering
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-06-01

Calculation of Tooth Root Load Carrying Capacity of Beveloid Gears

In this paper, two developed methods of tooth root load carrying capacity calculations for beveloid gears with parallel axes are presented, in part utilizing WZL software GearGenerator and ZaKo3D. One method calculates the tooth root load-carrying capacity in an FE-based approach. For the other, analytic formulas are employed to calculate the tooth root load-carrying capacity of beveloid gears. To conclude, both methods are applied to a test gear. The methods are compared both to each other and to other tests on beveloid gears with parallel axes in test bench trials.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-06-01

Gear Ratio Epicyclic Drives Analysis

It has been documented that epicyclic gear stages provide high load capacity and compactness to gear drives. This paper will focus on analysis and design of epicyclic gear arrangements that provide extremely high gear ratios. Indeed, a special, two-stage planetary arrangement may utilize a gear ratio of over one hundred thousand to one. This paper presents an analysis of such uncommon gear drive arrangements and defines their major parameters, limitations, and gear ratio maximization approaches. It also demonstrates numerical examples, existing designs, and potential applications.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2014-06-01

Measuring Backlash in Bevel and Hypoid Gears

In this installment of Ask the Expert, Dr. Stadtfeld describes the best methods for measuring backlash in bevel gears.
EVENTS | 2014-06-01

AGMA Recognizes Member Achievements at Annual Meeting

The AGMA/ABMA Annual Meeting took place April 10-12 in St. Petersburg, Florida. Between committee meetings, networking opportunities and social events, many individuals in the gear industry were presented awards.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-05-15

The Journey or the Destination?

I belong to a number of online technical forums besides contributing to the occasional “Ask the Expert” column here at Gear Technology.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-05-08

Treasured Gear Books

[starbox] This week’s Helical Gear Rating Committee meetings included a much hoped for improvement: a new member! Not only that, a new member un...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-05-06

The Peer Review Process

[starbox] I began this blog with an appeal for abstracts for the 2014 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting. For those of you who had an abstract accepted...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-05-01

Load Distribution Analysis of Spline Joints

A finite elements-based contact model is developed to predict load distribution along the spline joint interfaces; effects of spline misalignment are investigated along with intentional lead crowning of the contacting surfaces. The effects of manufacturing tooth indexing error on spline load distributions are demonstrated by using the proposed model.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-05-01

Application and Improvement of Face Load Factor Determination Based on AGMA 927

The face load factor is one of the most important items for a gear strength calculation. Current standards propose formulae for face load factor, but they are not always appropriate. AGMA 927 proposes a simpler and quicker algorithm that doesn't require a contact analysis calculation. This paper explains how this algorithm can be applied for gear rating procedures.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-05-01

Topological Gearing Modifications: Optimization of Complex Systems Capable of Oscillation

Vibration and noise from wind turbines can be significantly influenced - and therefore reduced - by selecting suitable gearing modifications. New options provided by manufacturers of machine tools and grinding machines, and especially state-of-the-art machines and controls, provide combined gearing modifications - or topological gearing corrections - that can now be reliably machined. Theoretical investigations of topological modifications are discussed here with the actual machining and their possible use.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-05-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the May 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-05-01

So How Much is This Going to Cost?

[starbox] Estimating is a necessary evil in every shop. Nobody wants to do it, but if it doesn’t get done there is no business. Fortunately, we ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-04-22

Different Consequences

[starbox] In the most recent issue of Gear Technology, the Publisher’s Page recounts the inaugural issue’s coverage of “transformative ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-04-10

Necessity is the Mother of Invention

[starbox] My last post may have been too hard on the emerging 3-D printing technology. We’ve always celebrated inventors in this country and per...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-04-08

A Tool Looking for a Task?

[starbox] I have been hearing a lot about 3-D printing and how it will revolutionize manufacturing in the United States. Millions are slated to ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-04-07

KISSsoft Releases New Version of Software

On April 7th, the industrial fair in Hanover opens its doors. At the same time, the new version of KISSsoft 03/2014 will be released with a number of innovations that have been implemented...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-04-01

Siemens Releases NX Software in the Cloud

Siemens' NX software, the company's flagship solution for integrated 3-D computer-aided design, manufacturing and engineering analysis (CAD/CAM/CAE), is now available...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-03-28

PTG Offers Profile Management System

With technologies such as the Zenith 400 Rotor Grinding Center and the Holroyd TG Series of rotor grinding machines, Precision Technologies Group company, Holroyd Precision Limited...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-28

What Happened to FEA?

[starbox] Thinking back on my experiences on the Helical Gear Rating Committee, I am a bit shocked at what hasn’t happened. As AGMA 218 was bein...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-26

Where Do Allowable Stresses Come From?

One of the most important aspects of a gear rating standard is the allowable stress charts. For spur and ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-24

Great Moments in Gear Rating

[starbox] By now readers of this Blog are aware of my interest in gear trade history. The more I learn about how we got to this point in our und...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-21

Action Items for the Gear Trade

[starbox] Recently I learned that it took over 20 years for the gear industry to agree on its first “standard” tooth form — and that was after s...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-19

Limited Opportunities for One-Trick Ponies

When you work as an engineer for smaller companies you get to wear a lot of hats.

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-03-17

Gleason and SMT Introduce Complete Design and Analysis Software

Gleason Corporation and Smart Manufacturing Technology Ltd. have announced the release of the first phase of their strategic global partnership...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-14

The Beginning of Wisdom

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-03-13

KISSsoft Offers Customized Software Options

Simple and intuitive handling is the basis for comfortable and efficient work with a software. In KISSsoft, there are several possibilities...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-12

Frequently Asked Questions (and Other TLA or FLA)

[starbox] The advent of texting naturally leads to a desire for reduced typing. I like websites that have a “Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) ta...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-10

Hunting for an Argument

[starbox] One of the first things I learned about gears was the importance of having a “hunting tooth” combination. This was not open to discuss...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-07

What Did They Know and When Did They Know It?

[starbox] No, I am not launching a criminal investigation. The title of this posting summarizes my ongoing study of the history of gear ratings....
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-03-06

PTG Holroyd Produces Large Helical Profile Milling Machine

Holroyd manufactured one of the world’s biggest high precision screw rotors for a major gas compression project in the Far East usi...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-03-05

Dr. Faydor L. Litvin: 100 Years a Genius

[starbox] The Gear Technology gang wishes to congratulate Dr. Faydor L. Litvin of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) on celebr...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-03-01

GT Extras

GT Videos featuring R&P Metrology, the latest from our Twitter and LinkedIn feeds and an introduction to gearboxfailure.com
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2014-03-01

Brad Foote and 3M Collaborate on Testing of Ground Parts

Cubitron II wheels are put to the test in this case study.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2014-03-01

Product News

The complete product news section from the March/April 2014 issue, featuring quick-change spline rolling racks from U.S. Gear Tools.
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-28

Internships: How Does the Employer Benefit? Part II

[starbox] In my previous post I talked about the official ways an internship program benefited our company. Today I’d like to talk about a coupl...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-02-27

KISSsoft Offers Standards in the Shaft Strength Calculation

For an analytical strength assessement, in the first instance the currently valid standard has to be applied. Therefore, an essential tas...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-21

Times Haven’t Changed That Much

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-02-20

Siemens Awards Software Grant to Ohio College

From its historic Norwood Motor Manufacturing Facility, Siemens recently announced a $66.8 million in-kind software grant to Cincinnati S...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-20

Each One Teach One

[starbox] I have posted previously about the need for mentors and teachers in the gear trade. Once a year the National Society of Professional E...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-18

100 Years of Four Wheel Drive?

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-12

Everything Old is New Again

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GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-07

Many Hands Make For Light Work

[starbox] As mentioned in my last posting, the AGMA Helical Gear Rating Committee ([HGRC)] was in Chicago this week for two days of work on the ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-05

Practical Magic

[starbox] Today I have t
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-02-03

Time for a Gear Awards Show?

[starbox] It is that time of year when some of our favorite television shows are pre-empted by awards shows. Every facet of the entertainment bu...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-01-31

Barn Find Gearboxes

GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-01-29

Unsung Heroes of the Gear Industry - Metallurgists

Snow covered trees
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-01-27

How Did You Become a Gear Expert?

[starbox] Some months ago I got a call from a young engineer asking how he could get into the consulting business. It was a flattering call but a ...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-01-17

Gear Training Then and Now

[starbox] Blogging about gear training brings to mind the widely attended Illinois Tool Works Gear School that Bob Moderow operated on behalf of h...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2014-01-14

Variable Helix Latest in Gear Sculpture Series

Salem Barker's latest bronze gear sculpture is titled “Variable Helix”. This free standing piece is attractive from every...
GEAR TALK WITH CHUCK | 2014-01-14

Who Taught You About Gears?

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"The beginning of wisdom is calling things by their proper name" -- Chinese proverb
Who taught you about gears...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2014-01-01

Practical Considerations for the Use of Double-Flank Testing for the Manufacturing Control of Gearing - Part I

Part I of this paper describes the theory behind double-flank composite inspection, detailing the apparatus used, the various measurements that can be achieved using it, the calculations involved and their interpretation. Part II, which will appear in the next issue, includes a discussion of the practical application of double-flank composite inspection, especially for large-volume operations. Part II covers statistical techniques that can be used in conjunction with double-flank composite inspection, as well as an in-depth analysis of gage R&R for this technique.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-12-02

KISSsoft Offers Calculation of Cold-Wear

Low-speed wear or cold-wear is a phenomenon that occurs with slow rotating and heavily loaded gears. In the process, the EHD lubricant fi...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-11-12

GWJ Adds Dimensioning Function in Cylindrical Gear Pair Module

GWJ Technology GmbH, headquartered in Braunschweig, Germany, recently added a new function to the web-based eAssistant software module fo...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-11-06

KISSsoft Offers Contact Patterns of Five-Axis Milled Gears

The five-axis milling of gears is an established manufacturing process in the field of short run and replacement parts. This manufacturi...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-11-01

US Gear Industry Doing Well, but Challenges Await

If you are like most navigators of the printed page, the first thing you read in this final 2013 issue of Gear Technology was our State of the Gear Industry Survey. And who would blame you? It’s not Sabermetrics, but once you’ve read it you’ll have a pretty clear snapshot of last year and a peek into the next. But if you also like to get a little closer to the bone about things, what follows are the collected opinions of five well-regarded people in the gear industry speaking to a number of issues with relevance.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2013-11-01

High Temperature Gear Materials

What gear material is suitable for high-temperature (350 – 550 degree C), high-vacuum, clean-environment use?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-11-01

Design and Optimization of Planetary Gears Considering All Relevant Influences

Light-weight construction and consideration of available resources result in gearbox designs with high load capacity and power density. At the same time, expectations for gear reliability are high. Additionally, there is a diversity of planetary gears for different applications.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-11-01

Understanding Oil Analysis: How it Can Improve Reliability of Wind Turbine Gearboxes

Historically, wind turbine gearbox failures have plagued the industry. Yet an effective oil analysis program will increase the reliability and availability of your machinery, while minimizing maintenance costs associated with oil change-outs, labor, repairs and downtime. Practical action steps are presented here to improve reliability.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-10-09

KISSsoft Extends Contact Analysis for Cylindrical Gears

The contact analysis for cylindrical gears in KISSsoft (module ZA30) has been extended and improved. Experience gained from a comparison ...
ASK THE EXPERT | 2013-10-01

Worm Gears - Ask the Expert

How does one determine the center of a worm and a worm wheel? Also, what are the differences between the common worm tooth forms?
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-10-01

Computer-Aided Finite Capacity Scheduling of a FLEAN Machining Cell

A look at some of the software options available to help with lean scheduling in a job shop
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-09-11

Siemens Enhances PLM Software

Siemens recently introduced a new series of industry-specific offerings at its annual PLM Software Analyst Conference in Boston. The Indu...
VOICES | 2013-09-01

Letters to the Editor

Readers respond to our "Job Shop Lean" column and the "My Gear is Bigger than Your Gear" article.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-09-01

Exhibitors Confidential

Gear Expo 2013 product preview features a look at many of the key booths you won't want to miss.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-09-01

New Technology Roll Call

Interviews with exhibitors at ASM's Heat Treat 2013 exposition, which is co-located with Gear Expo.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-09-01

New-Formula Acetylene Cool for Heat Treatment

Acetylene with DMF solvent enables benefits of low-pressure vacuum carburizing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-09-01

Light-Weight Design for Planetary Gear Transmissions

There is a great need for future powertrains in automotive and industrial applications to improve upon their efficiency and power density while reducing their dynamic vibration and noise initiation. It is accepted that planetary gear transmissions have several advantages in comparison to conventional transmissions, such as a high power density due to the power division using several planet gears. This paper presents planetary gear transmissions, optimized in terms of efficiency, weight and volume.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2013-08-01

Girth Gear Inspection - Pre- and Post-Manufacture

What are the ins-and-outs of quality inspection of girth gears, from both a manufacturer and buyer perspective? Our experts respond.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-08-01

Automotive Transmission Design Using Full Potential of Powder Metal

For metal replacement with powder metal (PM) of an automotive transmission, PM gear design differs from its wrought counterpart. Indeed, complete reverse-engineering and re-design is required so to better understand and document the performance parameters of solid-steel vs. PM gears. Presented here is a re-design (re-building a 6-speed manual transmission for an Opel Insignia 4-cylinder, turbocharged 2-liter engine delivering 220 hp/320 N-m) showing that substituting a different microgeometry of the PM gear teeth -- coupled with lower Young’s modulus -- theoretically enhances performance when compared to the solid-steel design.
EVENTS | 2013-08-01

EMO 2013 - Intelligence in Production

Preview of some of the exhibits relevant to gear manufacturing at the upcoming EMO 2013.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-08-01

Leading the Way in Lead Crown Correction and Inspection

Forest City Gear applies advanced gear shaping and inspection technologies to help solve difficult lead crown correction challenges half a world away. But these solutions can also benefit customers much closer to home, the company says. Here's how…
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2013-08-01

Gear Expo - Mecca Meccanica

It's an ideal time for a pilgrimage to AGMA’s Fall Technical Meeting and Gear Expo, which take place in Indianapolis.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-06-01

Bearings Education - A Lot to Learn

Bearings ain't beanbag. They are complicated. They are big-business. They are often counterfeited. They are used in virtually anything that moves. But it is the "complicated" part that challenges OEMs, job shops and other operations, and, most of all, their employees. Add to that the countless other entities around the world that are intimately involved with bearings and you can arrive at a semblance of an idea of just how important these precious orbs can be to a successful operation.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2013-06-01

Worn Gear Contact Analysis

How does one perform a contact analysis for worn gears? Our expert responds.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-06-01

New Methods for the Calculation of the Load Capacity of Bevel and Hypoid Gears

Flank breakage is common in a number of cylindrical and bevel gear applications. This paper introduces a relevant, physically based calculation method to evaluate flank breakage risk vs. pitting risk. Verification of this new method through testing is demonstrably shown.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-06-01

Tooth Root Optimization of Powder Metal Gears - Reducing Stress from Bending and Transient Loads

This paper will provide examples of stress levels from conventional root design using a hob and stress levels using an optimized root design that is now possible with PM manufacturing. The paper will also investigate how PM can reduce stresses in the root from transient loads generated by abusive driving.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-06-01

How to Design and Install Bevel Gears for Optimum Performance - Lessons Learned

Bevel gears must be assembled in a specific way to ensure smooth running and optimum load distribution between gears. While it is certainly true that the "setting" or "laying out" of a pair of bevel gears is more complicated than laying out a pair of spur gears, it is also true that following the correct procedure can make the task much easier. You cannot install bevel gears in the same manner as spur and helical gears and expect them to behave and perform as well; to optimize the performance of any two bevel gears, the gears must be positioned together so that they run smoothly without binding and/or excessive backlash.
EVENTS | 2013-06-01

Liebherr Touts Technology at Latest Gear Seminar

For two days in Saline, Michigan, Liebherr's clients, customers and friends came together to discuss the latest gear products and technology. Peter Wiedemann, president of Liebherr Gear Technology Inc., along with Dr.-Ing. Alois Mundt, managing director, Dr.-Ing. Oliver Winkel, head of application technology, and Dr.-Ing. Andreas Mehr, technology development shaping and grinding, hosted a variety of informative presentations.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-05-01

Gear Design Optimization for Low Contact Temperature of a High Speed, Non Lubricated Spur Gear Pair

A gear design optimization approach applied to reduce tooth contact temperature and noise excitation of a high-speed spur gear pair running without lubricant. Optimum gear design search was done using the Run Many Cases software program. Thirty-one of over 480,000 possible gear designs were considered, based on low contact temperature and low transmission error. The best gear design was selected considering its manufacturability.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-05-01

Light Weight Assembled Gears - A Green Design Solution

It is widely recognized that the reduction of CO2 requires consistent light-weight design of the entire vehicle. Likewise, the trend towards electric cars requires light-weight design to compensate for the additional weight of battery systems. The need for weight reduction is also present regarding vehicle transmissions. Besides the design of the gearbox housing, rotating masses such as gear wheels and shafts have a significant impact on fuel consumption. The current technology shows little potential of gear weight reduction due to the trade-off between mass optimization and the manufacturing process. Gears are usually forged followed or not by teeth cutting operation.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-05-01

GT Extras

What's new on the Gear Technology website this month? Videos from DMG Mori-Seiki, the latest e-mail newsletter and updates on upcoming events, including the Kapp-Niles Rocky Mountain Gear School.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2013-05-01

Coordinating Efforts

Like many Americans, I've been trained with the idea that those who see a problem should be the ones responsible for helping to solve it. If you see that something is broken, and you know how to fix it, don't wait for your dad, your boss or the government to tell you what to do. Just fix it.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-05-01

Hardness Testing

This back-to-basics article describes the main methods used for hardness testing of gears: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Knoop.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-05-01

Operating Pressure Angle

What is the difference between pressure angle and operating pressure angle?
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-05-01

Delivering Big Gears Fast

When a customer needed gears delivered in three weeks, here’s how Brevini Wind got it done.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-04-16

KISSsoft Releases Latest Software Update

KISSsoft is a modular calculation system for the verification, optimization, and sizing, of machine elements. The scope of the applicatio...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-03-27

Gleason Offers Profile Grinding on Threaded Wheel Gear Grinding Machines

Gleason Corporation  recently announced the availability of a Profile Grinding option for its 300TWG Threaded Wheel Grinding Machine...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-03-19

Renishaw System Tests Accuracy of Machine Tools

The new Renishaw XR20-W calibration system measures the angular position of rotary axes to within ±1 arc second, wirelessly, for t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-03-18

Direct Gear Design Debuts in March

Direct Gear Design (Hardcover; 328 pp.; CRC Press) by Dr. Alex Kapelevich, is now available for online purchase—at both CRC Press (...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-03-13

KISSsoft Implements Marine Calculations

Det Norske Veritas provides with the standard No. 41.2 "Calculation of gear rating for marine transmission" a widespread gear ...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2013-03-01

My Gear Is Bigger than Your Gear

Industry battles it out for World's Largest Gear title.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-03-01

Recent Inventions and Innovations in Induction Hardening of Gears and Gear-Like Components

This paper examines the expanding capabilities of induction hardening of gears through methods like spin hardening or tooth-by-tooth techniques.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-03-01

How to Conduct a Heat Treat Audit

Audits of the heat treating department are a vital part of any good quality program - either as part of a self-assessment or ISO program for a captive shop or - of equal importance - as part of an evaluation of the capabilities of a commercial heat treat supplier. In either case, the audit process needs to be formal in nature and follow specific guidelines.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-03-01

Optimization of a Process Chain for Gear Shaft Manufacturing

The research presented here is part of an ongoing (six years to date) project of the Cluster of Excellence (CoE). CoE is a faculty-wide group of researchers from RWTH Aachen University in Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia). This presentation is a result of the group’s examination of "integrative production technology for high-wage countries," in which a shaft for a dual-clutch gearbox is developed.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-02-11

KISSsoft Releases Software Beta

The KISSsoft 03/2013 Beta Version has now been released for a test run. The final release will be available from April 8th, 2013 - just i...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-02-06

Okuma Discusses Advances in Software Media

Do you remember using paper tape with your CNC control? If you’ve been in the machine tool industry for a while, you may remember t...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-02-01

KISSsoft Welcomes MSC Software as Technology Partner

KISSsoft recently announced that it will be MSC Software's first Technology Partner with a connection to the new Adams/Machinery prod...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-01-04

Dontyne Develops Convoloid Analysis Software

Dontyne Systems has entered into an agreement with Genesis Partners to develop software for the tooth contact analysis of their Convoloid...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2013-01-01

Product News

The complete Product News section from the January/February 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
ASK THE EXPERT | 2013-01-01

Measurement of Involute Master

Our experts tackle the topic of measuring involute masters, including both master gears and gear inspection artifacts.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-01-01

Gear Material Selection and Construction for Large Gears

A road map is presented listing critical considerations and optimal use of materials and methods in the construction of large gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2013-01-01

Large Pinions for Open Gears - The Increase of Single Mesh Load

This paper introduces mandatory improvements in design, manufacturing and inspection - from material elaboration to final machining - with special focus on today's large and powerful gearing.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2013-01-01

The Involute Curve

Although gears can be manufactured using a wide variety of profiles, the involute curve is the most commonly used. Here are some of the basics.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-12-03

Zoller Releases Collision Software Module

Is there a user out there that has never experienced the following situation? Programmed nominal data does not comply with real, actual d...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-11-01

If Only We Had a Crystal Ball...

Before we get into projections and prognostications about the future, let’s take a minute to review 2012. For many in the gear industry, the year was better than expected. Some manufacturers had a very successful year leading up to an even more successful manufacturing trade show (IMTS 2012). Others were searching for more business, hoping that the general state of the economy wouldn’t make things worse. In some cases, it did.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-11-01

Morphology of Micropitting

Understanding the morphology of micropitting is critical in determining the root cause of failure. Examples of micropitting in gears and rolling-element bearings are presented to illustrate morphological variations that can occur in practice.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-11-01

Predicted Scuffing Risk to Spur and Helical Gears in Commercial Vehicle Transmissions

AGMA925–A03 scuffing risk predictions for a series of spur and helical gear sets of transmissions used in commercial vehicles ranging from SAE Class 3 through Class 8.
ADDENDUM | 2012-11-01

Gears without Standards - But Tons of Fun!

If you enjoy working with your hands—without doubt a large segment of Gear Technology’s audience—you must go to robives.com. There you will find one of the most clean-but-serious fun websites on the Internet. It is where you will learn—or re-learn, in some cases—how to create things from paper. Origami, you’re thinking? Nah—mere child’s play.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-11-01

GT Extras

This issue's look at the web features videos posted at geartechnology.com, featuring Forest City Gear and Star SU.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2012-11-01

Romax Technology Launches Gearbox and Driveline Design Software Package

Romax Technology, the gearbox, bearing and driveline engineering specialist, has launched a new design software package that will increase speed, quality, creativity and innovation when designing gearboxes and drivelines. Called Concept, the new product delivers on the Romax vision of streamlining the end-to-end, planning-to-manufacture process with open, easy to use software solutions. It has been developed in close collaboration with engineers in the largest ground vehicle, wind energy and industrial equipment companies around the globe.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-10-31

KISSsoft Offers Profiles for Worm Wheel

In the KISSsoft Release 03/2012, the profiles for worms with enveloping worm wheel were enhanced. The 3-D models for the profile types N,...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-10-29

Gleason and SMT Form Strategic Partnership

Gleason Corporation and Smart Manufacturing Technology (SMT) have formed a global strategic partnership to provide gear manufacturers wor...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-10-22

Mitutoyo CMM Brings Accuracy and Performance to In-line Applications

Mitutoyo America Corporation announces availability of the new MACH-3A CNC Coordinate Measuring Machine - a CMM that brings levels accura...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-10-17

Okuma Presents Job Shop Productivity Open House

CNC machine tool manufacturer Okuma America Corporation and distributor Morris Midwest are hosting an event that will focus on machine to...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-10-17

Cimcool Offers Hybrid Fluid Technology for Automotive Industry

Cimcool Fluid Technology has announced the release of a new lubricant technology for machining and grinding of hard metals. These new Cim...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-10-01

Center Distance Variations for Internal Gears

While external involute gears are very tolerant of center distance variations, what are the center distance constraints for internal gears?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-10-01

Pitting Resistance of Worm Gears: Advanced Model for Contact Pattern of Any Size, Position, Flank Type

An experimental and theoretical analysis of worm gear sets with contact patterns of differing sizes, position and flank type for new approaches to calculation of pitting resistance.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-09-01

How Bearing Design Improves Gearbox Performance

Gearbox performance, reliability, total cost of ownership (energy cost), overall impact on the environment, and anticipation of additional future regulations are top-of-mind issues in the industry. Optimization of the bearing set can significantly improve gearbox performance.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-09-01

How to Minimize Power Losses in Transmissions, Axles and Steering Systems

By increasing the number of gears and the transmission-ratio spread, the engine will run with better fuel efficiency and without loss of driving dynamics. Transmission efficiency itself can be improved by: using fuelefficient transmission oil; optimizing the lubrication systems and pumps; improving shifting strategies and optimizing gearings; and optimizing bearings and seals/gaskets.
EVENTS | 2012-09-01

Calendar

The complete Technical Calendar from the September 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-09-01

IMTS 2012 Product Preview

Previews of manufacturing technology related to gears that will be on display at IMTS 2012.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-09-01

IMTS 2012 Events, Conferences and Some Just Plain Fun

IMTS exists primarily as a buy-and-sell North American venue for practically every conceivable technology used in manufacturing, and in that regard it has no equal. There you’ll find on display the latest and greatest technology, from hardware to software and everything in between. But anyone who has attended past shows is aware that IMTS is much more than that. Following is a rundown of "extracurricular" activities you’ll find waiting for your edification and enjoyment.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-09-01

Refurbishing a Ball Mill ; Bevel Gear Backlash

Our experts comment on reverse engineering herringbone gears and contact pattern optimization.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-08-01

Profile Shift

Three experts tackle the question of profile shift in this issue's edition of "Ask the Expert."
VOICES | 2012-06-01

Letters to the Editor

A response to last issue's "Ask the Expert" feature on efficiency of hypoid gearing.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2012-06-01

Product News

The complete Product News section from the June/July 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-06-01

Growing Pains - Renewables Hang on in Turbulent Energy Market

The turbines are still spinning. They’re spinning on large wind farms in the Great Plains, offshore in the Atlantic and even underwater where strong tidal currents offer new energy solutions. These turbines spin regularly while politicians and policy makers— tied up in discussions on tax incentives, economic recovery and a lot of finger pointing—sit idle. Much like the auto and aerospace industries of years past, renewable energy is coping with its own set of growing pains. Analysts still feel confident that clean energy will play a significant role in the future of manufacturing—it’s just not going to play the role envisioned four to five years ago.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-06-01

Runout, Helix Accuracy and Shaper Cutters

Our experts discuss runout and helix accuracy, as well as the maximum number of teeth in a shaper cutter.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-06-01

Asymmetric Gears: Parameter Selection Approach

In many gear transmissions, a tooth load on one flank is significantly higher and is applied for longer periods of time than for the opposite one; an asymmetric tooth shape reflects this functional difference. This paper describes an approach that rationalizes the degree of asymmetry (or asymmetry factor K) selection to meet a variety of operating conditions and requirements for custom gear drives.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-06-01

Towards an Improved AGMA Accuracy Classification System on Double-Flank Composite Measurements

AGMA introduced ANSI/AGMA 2015–2–A06— Accuracy Classification System: Radial System for Cylindrical Gears, in 2006 as the first major rewrite of the double-flank accuracy standard in over 18 years. This document explains concerns related to the use of ANSI/AGMA 2015–2–A06 as an accuracy classification system and recommends a revised system that can be of more service to the gearing industry.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-06-01

FZG Rig-Based Testing of Flank Load-Carrying Capacity Internal Gears

Micropitting, pitting and wear are typical gear failure modes that can occur on the flanks of slowly operated and highly stressed internal gears. However, the calculation methods for the flank load-carrying capacity have mainly been established on the basis of experimental investigations of external gears. This paper describes the design and functionality of the newly developed test rigs for internal gears and shows basic results of the theoretical studies. It furthermore presents basic examples of experimental test results.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-05-01

An Innovative Way of Designing Gear Hobbing Processes

In today’s manufacturing environment, shorter and more efficient product development has become the norm. It is therefore important to consider every detail of the development process, with a particular emphasis on design. For green machining of gears, the most productive and important process is hobbing. In order to analyze process design for this paper, a manufacturing simulation was developed capable of calculating chip geometries and process forces based on different models. As an important tool for manufacturing technology engineers, an economic feasibility analysis is implemented as well. The aim of this paper is to show how an efficient process design—as well as an efficient process—can be designed.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-05-01

Ask the Expert: High Ratio Hypoid Gear Efficiency

Our question this issue deals with high-ratio hypoid gears, and it should be noted here that this is a tricky area of gearing with a dearth of literature on the topic. That being the case, finding “experts” willing to stick their necks out and take on the subject was not a given.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-05-01

Gear Software - Without it, Hardware Goes Nowhere

It’s a brave, new hardware-software world out there. Players in the worldwide gear industry who don’t have plenty of both run the risk of becoming irrelevant—sooner than later.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-05-01

Longitudinal Tooth Contact Pattern Shift

After a period of operation, high-speed turbo gears may exhibit a change in longitudinal tooth contact pattern, reducing full face width contact and thereby increasing risk of tooth distress due to the decreased loaded area of the teeth. But this can be tricky—the phenomenon may or may not occur. Or, in some units the shift is more severe than others, with documented cases in which shifting occurred after as little as 16,000 hours of operation. In other cases, there is no evidence of any change for units in operation for more than 170,000 hours. This condition exists primarily in helical gears. All recorded observations here have been with case-carburized and ground gear sets. This presentation describes phenomena observed in a limited sampling of the countless high-speed gear units in field operation. While the authors found no existing literature describing this behavior, further investigation suggests a possible cause. Left unchecked and without corrective action, this occurrence may result in tooth breakage.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-05-01

Application of the First International Calculation Method for Micropitting

The first edition of the international calculation method for micropitting—ISO TR 15144–1:2010—was just published last December. It is the first and only official, international calculation method established for dealing with micropitting. Years ago, AGMA published a method for the calculation of oil film thickness containing some comments about micropitting, and the German FVA published a calculation method based on intensive research results. The FVA and the AGMA methods are close to the ISO TR, but the calculation of micropitting safety factors is new.
EVENTS | 2012-05-01

Technical Calendar

The complete Technical Calendar from the May 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-05-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the May 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-03-01

The Plastic Gear Pay-Off

Eliminating noise, weight and wear proves valuable in 2012.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-03-01

Controlling Gear Distortion and Residual Stresses During Induction Hardening

Induction hardening is widely used in both the automotive and aerospace gear industries to minimize heat treat distortion and obtain favorable compressive residual stresses for improved fatigue performance. The heating process during induction hardening has a significant effect on the quality of the heat-treated parts. However, the quenching process often receives less attention even though it is equally important.
ADDENDUM | 2012-03-01

The New Now: U.S. Workforce Sustainability

Faithful Addendum readers are accustomed to finding upbeat, whimsical and oddball stories about gears in this space. What follows is not about gears, exactly. Rather, it is, as opposed to the usual bleak news about America losing its manufacturing mojo—a look at a positive, hopeful development in that regard.
VOICES | 2012-01-01

The Global Challenge to America's Engineering and Innovation Position

John P. Walter and Abby Dress analyze the challenges facing America's manufacturers to remain competitive in a global environment.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2012-01-01

New Energy - Same Challenges

Uncertainty casts a shadow over future business opportunities for manufacturers serving the new energy markets.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-01-01

Accelerating Validation Testing

Bringing new or improved products to market sooner has long been proven profitable for companies. One way to help shorten the time-to-market is to accelerate validation testing. That is, shorten the test time required to validate a new or improved product.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-01-01

Evaluation of Methods for Calculating Effects of Tip Relief on Transmission Error, Noise and Stress in Loaded Spur Gears

The connection between transmission error, noise and vibration during operation has long been established. Calculation methods have been developed to describe the influence so that it is possible to evaluate the relative effect of applying a specific modification at the design stage. These calculations enable the designer to minimize the excitation from the gear pair engagement at a specific load. This paper explains the theory behind transmission error and the reasoning behind the method of applying the modifications through mapping surface profiles and determining load sharing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2012-01-01

Rattle: Addressing Gear Noise in a Power Take-off

At Muncie Power, the objective of noise and vibration testing is to develop effective ways to eliminate power take-off (PTO) gear rattle, with specific emphasis on PTO products. The type of sound of largest concern in this industry is tonal.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2012-01-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the January/February 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
VOICES | 2011-11-01

A Proposed Life Calculation for Micropitting

If you make hardened gears and have not seen any micropitting, then you haven’t looked closely enough. Micropitting is one of the modes of failure that has more recently become of concern to gear designers and manufacturers. Micropitting in itself is not necessarily a problem, but it can lead to noise and sometimes other more serious forms of failure. Predicting when this will occur is the challenge facing designers.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-11-01

Load-Sharing Model for Polymer Cylindrical Gears

This paper presents an original method to compute the loaded mechanical behavior of polymer gears. Polymer gears can be used without lubricant, have quieter mesh, are more resistant to corrosion, and are lighter in weight. Therefore their application fields are continually increasing. Nevertheless, the mechanical behavior of polymer materials is very complex because it depends on time, history of displacement and temperature. In addition, for several polymers, humidity is another factor to be taken into account. The particular case of polyamide 6.6 is studied in this paper.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-11-01

Gear Transmission Density Maximization

This paper presents an approach that provides optimization of both gearbox kinematic arrangement and gear tooth geometry to achieve a high-density gear transmission. It introduces dimensionless gearbox volume functions that can be minimized by the internal gear ratio optimization. Different gearbox arrangements are analyzed to define a minimum of the volume functions. Application of asymmetric gear tooth profiles for power density maximization is also considered.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-11-01

Best of Times, Worst of Times

An American renaissance in manufacturing is needed—and long overdue.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-11-01

State of the Gear Industry 2011

In November, Gear Technology conducted an anonymous survey of gear manufacturers. Invitations were sent by e-mail to thousands of individuals around the world. More than 300 individuals responded to the online survey, answering questions about their manufacturing operations and current challenges facing their businesses.
EVENTS | 2011-11-01

IPTEX 2012 Preview

India is rapidly turning into a global manufacturing hub, thanks to the country’s manufacturing and engineering capabilities, vast pool of skilled expertise and its size. These qualities offer it a strategic advantage for the manufacturing segment. A large number of international companies in varied segments have already set up a manufacturing base in India and others are following suit. It only makes sense to bring this industry segment together under one roof to discuss the current trends and technology prevalent to the marketplace. IPTEX 2012 is scheduled from February 9–11, 2012 at the Bombay Exhibition Center in Mumbai, India.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2011-10-01

LMT Fette Introduces SpeedCore

New material technology allows for more efficient and flexible hobbing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-10-01

Comparison of Test Rig and Field Measurement Results on Gearboxes for Wind Turbines

This article describes some of the most important tests for prototypes conducted at Winergy AG during the product development process. It will demonstrate that the measurement results on the test rig for load distribution are in accordance with the turbine measurements.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-09-01

Real-World Job Training the Lean Way -- And Loving It

Make no mistake -- lean manufacturing is here to stay. And no wonder. As a fiercely competitive global economy continues to alter companies’ “Main Street” thinking, that relatively new dynamic is spurring the need for “I-need-it-yesterday” production output. And for increasingly more industries -- big or small -- that means getting as lean as you can, as fast as you can.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-09-01

Size and Material Influence on the Tooth Root, Pitting, Scuffing and Wear Load-Carrying Capacity of Fine-Module Gears

In this study, limiting values for the load-carrying-capacity of fine-module gears within the module range 0.3–1.0 mm were determined and evaluated by comprehensive, experimental investigations that employed technical, manufacturing and material influence parameters.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-09-01

Analysis of Load Distribution in Planet Gear Bearings

In epicyclic gear sets designed for aeronautical applications, planet gears are generally supported by spherical roller bearings with the bearing outer race integral to the gear hub. This article presents a new method to compute roller load distribution in such bearings where the outer ring can’t be considered rigid.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-09-01

Next Stop Cincinnati

What's not to like about a more focused, user-friendly Gear Expo? Booth Previews.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-08-01

Chiming in on Gear Noise: Three Experts Have their Say

It is said that “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.” Ok, but what about gear noise? We talked to three experts with considerable knowledge and experience in this area.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-08-01

Super-Reduction Hypoid Gears

Super-reduction hypoid gears (SRH) are bevel worm gears with certain differences regarding hypoid gears. If two axes are positioned in space and the task is to transmit motion and torque between them using some kind of gears with a ratio above 5 and even higher than 50, the following cases are commonly known. Tribology Aspects in Angular Transmission Systems, Part VIII.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-08-01

Manufacturing Method of Large-Sized Spiral Bevel Gears in Cyclo-Palloid System Using Multi-Axis Control and Multi-Tasking Machine Tool

In this article, the authors calculated the numerical coordinates on the tooth surfaces of spiral bevel gears and then modeled the tooth profiles using a 3-D CAD system. They then manufactured the large-sized spiral bevel gears based on a CAM process using multi-axis control and multi-tasking machine tooling. The real tooth surfaces were measured using a coordinate measuring machine and the tooth flank form errors were detected using the measured coordinates. Moreover, the gears were meshed with each other and the tooth contact patterns were investigated. As a result, the validity of this manufacturing method was confirmed.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2011-08-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the August 2011 issue of Gear Technology.
VOICES | 2011-06-01

Gear Expo: Changing with the Times

AGMA president Joe T. Franklin Jr. talks about how the AGMA Gear Expo has grown and changed since its beginnings as a table-top show in 1987.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-06-01

An Emphasis on Accuracy

Meeting the many challenges of large gear inspection.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-06-01

Wind Turbines: Clean Energy, but Energy Efficient

We talked energy efficiency with some major players in the lubricants industry— but with a focus on their products’ impact regarding energy efficiency of gears and gearboxes in wind turbines.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-06-01

Analysis and Testing of Gears with Asymmetric Involute Tooth Form and Optimized Fillet Form for Potential Application in Helicopter Main Drives

Gears with an asymmetric involute gear tooth form were analyzed to determine their bending and contact stresses relative to symmetric involute gear tooth designs, which are representative of helicopter main-drive gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-06-01

Drive Line Analysis for Tooth Contact Optimization of High-Power Spiral Bevel Gears

In the majority of spiral bevel gears, spherical crowning is used. The contact pattern is set to the center of the active tooth flank and the extent of the crowning is determined by experience. Feedback from service, as well as from full-torque bench tests of complete gear drives, has shown that this conventional design practice leads to loaded contact patterns, which are rarely optimal in location and extent. Oversized reliefs lead to small contact area, increased stresses and noise, whereas undersized reliefs result in an overly sensitive tooth contact.
EVENTS | 2011-06-01

PM Design Winners Announced at Powdermet 2011

Design innovation, superior engineering properties, high end-market visibility and sustainability distinguish the winners of the 2011 Design Excellence awards, the annual powder metallurgy (PM) design competition sponsored by the Metal Powder Industries Federation.
VOICES | 2011-05-01

Developing Flexible Couplings Standards

AGMA Flexible Couplings committee chairman Glenn C. Pokrandt gives an update about standards and other documents under development.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2011-05-01

Dearborn Precision Puts Dual Purpose Zeiss CMM to the Task

When parts you manufacture pass through numerous processes such as deep hole drilling, machining, hobbing and grinding, a CMM is essential when your customers require 100 percent in-process and final inspection.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-05-01

Worm Gears - Higher Energy Efficiency and Less Strain on Resources

A very direct and effective way of increasing power transmission efficiency is a changeover from mineral-oil-based lubricants to synthetic lubricants.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-05-01

Micropitting of Big Gearboxes: Influence of Flank Modification and Surface Roughness

Most research on micropitting is done on small-sized gears. This article examines whether those results are also applicable to larger gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-05-01

Flank Load Carrying Capacity and Power Loss Reduction by Minimized Lubrication

The objective of this study was to investigate the limits concerning possible reduction of lubricant quantity in gears that could be tolerated without detrimental effects on their load carrying capacity.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2011-05-01

Desktop Gear Engineering

An update on the latest gear design software from several vendors, plus what gear design engineers can expect next.
VOICES | 2011-03-01

Standards Development: Enclosed Drives

Chairman Todd Praneis of Cotta Transmission describes the activities of AGMA's Enclosed Drives technical committee.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-01-01

Point-Surface-Origin Macropitting Caused by Geometric Stress Concentration

Point-surface-origin (PSO) macropitting occurs at sites of geometric stress concentration (GSC) such as discontinuities in the gear tooth profile caused by micropitting, cusps at the intersection of the involute profile and the trochoidal root fillet, and at edges of prior tooth damage, such as tip-to-root interference. When the profile modifications in the form of tip relief, root relief, or both, are inadequate to compensate for deflection of the gear mesh, tip-to-root interference occurs. The interference can occur at either end of the path of contact, but the damage is usually more severe near the start-of-active-profile (SAP) of the driving gear.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-01-01

Measurement of Directly Designed Gears with Symmetric and Asymmetric Teeth

In comparison with the traditional gear design approach based on preselected, typically standard generating rack parameters, the Direct Gear Design method provides certain advantages for custom high-performance gear drives that include: increased load capacity, efficiency and lifetime; reduced size, weight, noise, vibrations, cost, etc. However, manufacturing such directly designed gears requires not only custom tooling, but also customization of the gear measurement methodology. This paper presents definitions of main inspection dimensions and parameters for directly designed spur and helical, external and internal gears with symmetric and asymmetric teeth.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2011-01-01

Spiral Bevel Gears: Tribology Aspects in Angular Transmission Systems, Part IV

This article is part four of an eight-part series on the tribology aspects of angular gear drives. Each article will be presented first and exclusively by Gear Technology, but the entire series will be included in Dr. Stadtfeld’s upcoming book on the subject, which is scheduled for release in 2011.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-11-01

Zerol Bevel Gears: Tribology Aspects in Angular Transmission Systems, Part III

Zerol bevel gears are the special case of spiral bevel gears with a spiral angle of 0°. They are manufactured in a single-indexing face milling process with large cutter diameters, an extra deep tooth profile and tapered tooth depth.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-11-01

Gear Fault Detection Effectiveness as Applied to Tooth Surface Pitting Fatigue Damage

A study was performed to evaluate fault detection effectiveness as applied to gear-tooth pitting-fatigue damage. Vibration and oil-debris monitoring (ODM) data were gathered from 24 sets of spur pinion and face gears run during a previous endurance evaluation study.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-11-01

The Effect of Straight-Sided Hob Teeth

It is well known that hobs with straight-sided teeth do not cut true involutes. In this paper, the difference between the straight side of a hob tooth and the axial profile of an involute worm is evaluated. It is shown that the difference increases as the diametral pitch increases, to the extent that for fine-pitch gearing, the difference is insignificant.
EVENTS | 2010-11-01

Technically Speaking, a Huge Success

A recap of the AGMA 2010 Fall Technical Meeting.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2010-09-01

KISSsoft Introduces New Features with Latest Release

Tooth contact under load is an important verification of the real contact conditions of a gear pair and an important add-on to the strength calculation according to standards such as ISO, AGMA or DIN. The contact analysis simulates the meshing of the two flanks over the complete meshing cycle and is therefore able to consider individual modifications on the flank at each meshing position.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2010-09-01

What's the Big Attraction - IMTS 2010

The great thing about a trade show the size of IMTS is the amount of options available to attendees. If you’re into cars, fighter jets, machine tools, fighting robots, manufacturing relics or simply the latest technology advancements in a particular industry, you’ll find it at IMTS 2010.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-09-01

Engagement of Metal Debris into Gear Mesh

A series of bench-top experiments was conducted to determine the effects of metallic debris being dragged through meshing gear teeth. A test rig that is typically used to conduct contact fatigue experiments was used for these tests. Several sizes of drill material, shim stock and pieces of gear teeth were introduced and then driven through the meshing region. The level of torque required to drive the “chip” through the gear mesh was measured. From the data gathered, chip size sufficient to jam the mechanism can be determined.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2010-08-01

Heller Introduces Gear Manufacturing on Five-Axis Milling Machines

In co-operation with Voith, a major transmission manufacturer in Germany, Heller has developed a process that significantly enhances the productivity of pre-milling and gear milling operations performed on a single 5-axis machining center.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-08-01

Tribology Aspects in Angular Transmission Systems, Part 1

"General Explanations on Theoretical Bevel Gear Analysis" is part 1 of an eight-part series from Gleason's Dr. Hermann Stadtfeld.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-08-01

Crowning Techniques in Aerospace Actuation Gearing

One of the most effective methods in solving the edge loading problem due to excess misalignment and deflection in aerospace actuation gearing is to localize tooth-bearing contact by crowning the teeth. Irrespective of the applied load, if the misalignment and/or deflection are large enough to cause the contact area to reduce to zero, the stress becomes large enough to cause failure. The edge loading could cause the teeth to break or pit, but too much crowning may also cause the teeth to pit due to concentrated loading. In this paper, a proposed method to localize the contact bearing area and calculate the contact stress with crowning is presented and demonstrated on some real-life examples in aerospace actuation systems.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-08-01

Optimizing Gear Geometry for Minimum Transmission Error, Mesh Friction Losses and Scuffing Risk Through Computer- Aided Engineering

Minimizing gear losses caused by churning, windage and mesh friction is important if plant operating costs and environmental impact are to be minimized. This paper concentrates on mesh friction losses and associated scuffing risk. It describes the preliminary results from using a validated, 3-D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA) program to optimize cylindrical gears for low friction losses without compromising transmission error (TE), noise and power density. Some case studies and generic procedures for minimizing losses are presented. Future development and further validation work is discussed.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2010-08-01

Building Repeat Business: What Gear Buyers Really Want from Gear Manufacturers

In this article, gear buyers have been given an opportunity to discuss quality, value, customer service and how gear manufacturers can improve business practices.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-07-01

Load Sharing Analysis of High-Contact-Ratio Spur Gears in Military Tracked Vehicle Applications

This paper deals with analysis of the load sharing percentage between teeth in mesh for different load conditions throughout the profile for both sun and planet gears of normal and HCR gearing—using finite element analysis. (FEA).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-07-01

Effects of Profile Corrections on Peak-to-Peak Transmission Error

Profile corrections on gears are a commonly used method to reduce transmission error, contact shock, and scoring risk. There are different types of profile corrections. It is a known fact that the type of profile correction used will have a strong influence on the resulting transmission error. The degree of this influence may be determined by calculating tooth loading during mesh. The current method for this calculation is very complicated and time consuming; however, a new approach has been developed that could reduce the calculation time.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-06-01

Bending Fatigue, Impact and Pitting Resistance of Ausform-Finished PM Gears

The powder metal (P/M) process is making inroads in automotive transmission applications due to substantially lower costs of P/M-steel components for high-volume production, as compared to wrought or forged steel parts. Although P/M gears are increasingly used in powered hand tools, gear pumps and as accessory components in automotive transmissions, P/M-steel gears are currently in limited use in vehicle transmission applications. The primary objective of this project was to develop high-strength P/M-steel gears with bending fatigue, impact resistance and pitting fatigue performance equivalent to current wrought steel gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-06-01

Variation Analysis of Tooth Engagement and Load Sharing in Involute Splines

Involute spline couplings are used to transmit torque from a shaft to a gear hub or other rotating component. External gear teeth on the shaft engage an equal number of internal teeth in the hub. Because multiple teeth engage simultaneously, they can transmit much larger torques than a simple key and keyway assembly. However, manufacturing variations affect the clearance between each pair of mating teeth, resulting in only partial engagement.
EVENTS | 2010-06-01

Gear Applications All the Rage at Windpower 2010

Capitalizing on a burgeoning new technology where gears are of great import, the gear community gathered en masse at the American Wind Energy Association’s Windpower Expo 2010.
VOICES | 2010-05-01

Future Demands Next Generation of Standards and Practices in Gear Industry

Gear manufacturers are moving into an era that will see changes in both engineering practices and industry standards as new end-products evolve. Within the traditional automotive industry, carbon emission reduction legislation will drive the need for higher levels of efficiency and growth in electric and hybrid vehicles. Meanwhile, the fast growing market of wind turbines is already opening up a whole new area of potential for gearbox manufacturers, but this industry is one that will demand reliability, high levels of engineering excellence and precision manufacturing.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2010-05-01

KISSsoft Update Integrates Parasolid CAD Core

The machine element package by KISSsoft for the design and optimization of components like gears, shafts, bearings and others is now available in the new version 04/2010.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2010-05-01

Your Tax Dollars at Work: U.S. Commerce Department, Your Boots on the Ground Overseas

Easily one of the central issues affecting U.S. manufacturing is what one might call the exports deficit—the inability of American companies to sell products to, for instance, Asian markets, developing countries and other ports of call—due to what they perceive to be unfair trade agreements and or policies.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-05-01

Software-Based Process Design in Gear Finish Hobbing

In this paper, the potential for geometrical cutting simulations - via penetration calculation to analyze and predict tool wear as well as to prolong tool life - is shown by means of gear finish hobbing. Typical profile angle deviations that occur with increasing tool wear are discussed. Finally, an approach is presented here to attain improved profile accuracy over the whole tool life of the finishing hob.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-05-01

Allowable Contact Stresses in Jacking Gear Units Used in the Offshore Industry

An offshore jack-up drilling rig is a barge upon which a drilling platform is placed. The barge has legs that can be lowered to the sea floor to support the rig. Then the barge can be “jacked up” out of the water, providing a stable work platform from which to drill for oil and gas. Jack-up drilling rigs were first introduced in the late 1950s. Rack-and- pinion-type jack-up units were introduced soon after that and have dominated the industry ever since.
VOICES | 2010-03-01

Crowning: A Cheap Fix for Noise and Misalignment Problems

Fred Young, CEO of Forest City Gear, talks about sophisticated gear manufacturing methods and how they can help solve common gear-related problems.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-03-01

New Developments in Gear Hobbing

Several innovations have been introduced to the gear manufacturing industry in recent years. In the case of gear hobbing—the dry cutting technology and the ability to do it with powder-metallurgical HSS—might be two of the most impressive ones. And the technology is still moving forward. The aim of this article is to present recent developments in the field of gear hobbing in conjunction with the latest improvements regarding tool materials, process technology and process integration.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-03-01

The Road Leads Straight to Hypoflex

A new method for cutting straight bevel gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-01-01

Area of Existence of Involute Gears

This paper presents a unique approach and methodology to define the limits of selection for gear parameters. The area within those limits is called the “area of existence of involute gears” (Ref. 1). This paper presents the definition and construction of areas of existence of both external and internal gears. The isograms of the constant operating pressure angles, contact ratios and the maximum mesh efficiency (minimum sliding) isograms, as well as the interference isograms and other parameters are defined. An area of existence allows the location of gear pairs with certain characteristics. Its practical purpose is to define the gear pair parameters that satisfy specific performance requirements before detailed design and calculations. An area of existence of gears with asymmetric teeth is also considered.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2010-01-01

Wind Turbine Pitch and Yaw Drive Manufacturers Draw Breath as Market Slows

The global wind energy market has seen average growth rates of 28 percent over the last 10 years, according to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), creating major challenges for the component supply industry. GWEC also forecasts an average growth rate of 22 percent for the next five years, which if realized, will continue to put pressure on suppliers of turbine components.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2010-01-01

Producing Profile and Lead Modifications in Threaded Wheel and Profile Grinding

Modern gearboxes are characterized by high torque load demands, low running noise and compact design. In order to fulfill these demands, profile and lead modifications are being applied more often than in the past. This paper will focus on how to produce profile and lead modifications by using the two most common grinding processes—threaded wheel and profile grinding. In addition, more difficult modifications—such as defined flank twist or topological flank corrections—will also be described in this paper.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-11-01

The Effect of Flexible Components on the Durability, Whine, Rattle and Efficiency of an Automotive Transaxle Geartrain System

Gear engineers have long recognized the importance of considering system factors when analyzing a single pair of gears in mesh. These factors include important considerations such as load sharing in multi-mesh geartrains and bearing clearances, in addition to the effects of flexible components such as housings, gear blanks, shafts and carriers for planetary geartrains. However, in recent years, transmission systems have become increasingly complex—with higher numbers of gears and components—while the quality requirements and expectations in terms of durability, gear whine, rattle and efficiency have increased accordingly.
VOICES | 2009-11-01

Green Heat Treating - No Sweat

Bob McCulley of Comprehensive Heat Treat Specialists describes how even the most energy intensive industrial processes can be made "green."
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-11-01

Bending Fatigue Tests of Helicopter Case Carburized Gears: Influence on Material, Design and Manufacturing Parameters

A single tooth bending (STB) test procedure has been developed to optimally map gear design parameters. Also, a test program on case-carburized, aerospace standard gears has been conceived and performed in order to appreciate the influence of various technological parameters on fatigue resistance and to draw the curve shape up to the gigacycle region.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-09-01

Tooth Fillet Profile Optimization for Gears with Symmetric and Asymmetric Teeth

The gear tooth fillet is an area of maximum bending stress concentration. However, its profile is typically less specified in the gear drawing and hardly controlled during gear inspection in comparison with the gear tooth flanks. This paper presents a fillet profile optimization technique for gears with symmetric and asymmetric teeth based on FEA and a random search method. It allows achieving substantial bending stress reduction in comparison with traditionally designed gears. This bending stress reduction can be traded for higher load capacity, longer lifetime, lower noise and vibration and cost reduction.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2009-09-01

Grinding Gears for Racing Transmissions

When you push 850 horsepower and 9,000 rpm through a racing transmission, you better hope it stands up. Transmission cases and gears strewn all over the racetrack do nothing to enhance your standing, nor that of your transmission supplier.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2009-09-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the September/October 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-08-01

CFD Technology for Rotorcraft Gearbox Windage Aerodynamics Simulation

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adapted, validated and applied to spinning gear systems with emphasis on predicting windage losses. Several spur gears and a disc are studied. The CFD simulations return good agreement with measured windage power loss.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2009-08-01

Steadfast and Streamlined: Can Lean Soften the Economic Blow

Two high-volume gear production cells grace the shop floor at Delta Research Corporation in Livonia, Michigan. Thanks to lean manufacturing, these cells have never shipped a defective part to a customer since they were developed over three years ago.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2009-08-01

Product News

The complete Product News section from the August 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-08-01

Effects of Axle Deflection and Tooth Flank Modification on Hypoid Gear Stress Distribution and Contact Fatigue Life

As is well known in involute gearing, “perfect” involute gears never work perfectly in the real world. Flank modifications are often made to overcome the influences of errors coming from manufacturing and assembly processes as well as deflections of the system. The same discipline applies to hypoid gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-07-01

Extending the Benefits of Elemental Gear Inspection

It may not be widely recognized that most of the inspection data supplied by inspection equipment, following the practices of AGMA Standard 2015 and similar standards, are not of elemental accuracy deviations but of some form of composite deviations. This paper demonstrates the validity of this “composite” label by first defining the nature of a true elemental deviation and then, by referring to earlier literature, demonstrating how the common inspection practices for involute, lead (on helical gears), pitch, and, in some cases, total accumulated pitch, constitute composite measurements.
VOICES | 2009-07-01

Optimization through Customization

Many engineers and purchasing agents think it is more expensive to custom design a component or assembly these days when often customization can save on total costs.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-07-01

The Effect of Manufaturing Microgeometry Variations on the Load Distribution Factor and on Gear Contact and Root Stresses

Traditionally, gear rating procedures consider manufacturing accuracy in the application of the dynamic factor, but only indirectly through the load distribution are such errors in the calculation of stresses used in the durability and gear strength equations. This paper discusses how accuracy affects the calculation of stresses and then uses both statistical design of experiments and Monte Carlo simulation techniques to quantify the effects of different manufacturing and assembly errors on root and contact stresses.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2009-07-01

Crossroads and Transitions - Part II

The auction has been held. The warehouse is bare. The computers and furniture are being packed, and Cadillac Machinery, the company started by my father in 1950, and of which I was president for more than 25 years, is close to being no more.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-06-01

The Effect of Start-Up Load Conditions on Gearbox Performance and Life Failure Analysis, With Supporting Case Study

If a gear system is run continuously for long periods of time—or if the starting loads are very low and within the normal operating spectrum—the effect of the start-up conditions may often be insignificant in the determination of the life of the gear system. Conversely, if the starting load is significantly higher than any of the normal operating conditions, and the gear system is started and stopped frequently, the start-up load may, depending on its magnitude and frequency, actually be the overriding, limiting design condition.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-06-01

Innovative Concepts for Grinding Wind Power Energy Gears

This article shows the newest developments to reduce overall cycle time in grinding wind power gears, including the use of both profile grinding and threaded wheel grinding.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-05-01

In-Situ Measurement of Stresses in Carburized Gears via Neutron Diffraction

This paper presents the results of research directed at measuring the total stress in a pair of statically loaded and carburized spur gears. Measurements were made to examine the change in total stress as a function of externally applied load and depth below the surface.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-05-01

How Are You Dealing with the Bias Error in Your Helical Gears

This paper initially defines bias error—the “twisted tooth phenomenon.” Using illustrations, we explain that bias error is a by-product of applying conventional, radial crowning methods to produced crowned leads on helical gears. The methods considered are gears that are finished, shaped, shaved, form and generated ground. The paper explains why bias error occurs in these methods and offers techniques used to limit/eliminate bias error. Sometimes, there may be a possibility to apply two methods to eliminate bias error. In those cases, the pros/cons of these methods will be reviewed.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2009-03-01

Got Lean, Six Sigma - Here's Another Theory

Most readers are at least familiar with continuous improvement programs such as lean and six sigma. Perhaps your shop or company is well along in the implementation of one or the other—if not both. But what about theory of constraints (TOC), introduced in Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt’s 1984 book, The Goal? Despite its rather negative-sounding name, this continuous improvement process has much to offer manufacturers of all stripes. And when combined with lean and six sigma, the results can be dramatic. Dr. Lisa Lang, a TOC consultant and speaker, explains why and how in the following Q&A session with Gear Technology.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-03-01

Grinding Induced Changes in Residual Stresses of Carburized Gears

This paper presents the results of a study performed to measure the change in residual stress that results from the finish grinding of carburized gears. Residual stresses were measured in five gears using the x-ray diffraction equipment in the Large Specimen Residual Stress Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-03-01

Hob Tool Life Technology Update

The method of cutting teeth on a cylindrical gear by the hobbing process has been in existence since the late 1800s. Advances have been made over the years in both the machines and the cutting tools used in the process. This paper will examine hob tool life and the many variables that affect it. The paper will cover the state-of-the-art cutting tool materials and coatings, hob tool design characteristics, process speeds and feeds, hob shifting strategies, wear characteristics, etc. The paper will also discuss the use of a common denominator method for evaluating hob tool life in terms of meters (or inches) per hob tooth as an alternative to tool life expressed in parts per sharpening.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2009-01-01

Big Gears - High Standards, High Profits

Natural resources—minerals, coal, oil, agricultural products, etc.—are the blessings that Mother Earth confers upon the nations of the world. But it takes unnaturally large gears to extract them.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2009-01-01

The Capacity of Superfinished Vehicle Components to Increase Fuel Economy, Part I

This paper will present data from both laboratory and field testing demonstrating that superfinished components exhibit lower friction, operating temperature, wear and/ or higher horsepower, all of which translate directly into increased fuel economy.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-11-01

A Further Study on High-Contact-Ratio Spur Gears in Mesh with Double-Scope Tooth Profile Modification

This paper will demonstrate that, unlike commonly used low-contact-ratio spur gears, high-contact-ratio spur gears can provide higher power-to-weight ratio, and can also achieve smoother running with lower transmission error (TE) variations.
EVENTS | 2008-11-01

Events

The complete Events section from the November/December 2008 issue of Gear Technology
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-11-01

An Investigation of the Influence of Shaft Misalignment on Bending Stresses of Helical Gears with Lead Crown

In this study, the combined influence of shaft misalignments and gear lead crown on load distribution and tooth bending stresses is investigated. Upon conclusion, the experimental results are correlated with predictions of a gear load distribution model, and recommendations are provided for optimal lead crown in a given misalignment condition.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2008-09-03

Alpha Gear's Newest Software Simplifies Selecting Gear Reducers

The Cymex calculation software from alpha gear drives Inc. uses a database of company products and 6,000 motors from various manufacturer...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2008-09-01

NASA Gets Down and Dirty for SARJ Solution

For more than 10 months, NASA ground engineers and International Space Station (ISS) astronauts have been struggling with a perplexing malfunction of one of the station’s two solar array rotary joints (SARJ).
PRODUCT NEWS | 2008-09-01

GPSys Critical to Spiral Bevel Gear Life

Impact Technologies considers commercial version of software package.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-08-01

Influence of Grinding Burn on Pitting Capacity

This paper intends to determine the load-carrying capacity of thermally damaged parts under rolling stress. Since inspection using real gears is problematic, rollers are chosen as an acceptable substitute. The examined scope of thermal damage from hard finishing extends from undamaged, best-case parts to a rehardening zone as the worst case. Also, two degrees of a tempered zone have been examined.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-08-01

Guidelines for Modern Bevel Gear Grinding

This paper acknowledges the wide variety of manufacturing processes--especially in grinding--utlized in the production of bevel gears...
VOICES | 2008-07-01

Entrepreneurialism and Survival in the Global Market

Joe Arvin of Arrow Gear gives his insight on what it takes to succeed in today's gear industry.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2008-07-01

Software Suite Serves Full Range of Gear Analysis

New software from AGMA helps gear designers calculate geometry and ratings for all types of bevel gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-07-01

Optimum Gear Tooth Microtopographies

A graphical procedure for selecting optimum combinations of profile and lead modifications.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-07-01

The Kinematics of Conical Involute Gear Hobbing

Conical involute gears, also known as beveloid gears, are generalized involute gears that have the two flanks of the same tooth characterized by different base cylinder radii and different base helix angles.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-06-01

Study of the Correlation Between Theoretical and Actual Gear Fatigue Test Data on a Polyamide

In the past two years DSM has been conducting fatigue tests on actual molded gears in order to provide design data.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2008-05-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the May 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-05-01

Pitting Load Capacity of Helical Gears

Influences of Load Distribution and Tooth Flank Modifications as Considered in a New, DIN/ISO-Compatible Calculation Method
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2008-05-01

Communication Breakdown--Overcoming Cultural and Language Barriers in the Global Gear Market

If you've read any business publications lately, chances are you've seen an article or two covering language and cultural barriers in the global marketplace.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2008-03-01

A Different Truth

Vietnam is the war Americans don’t like to talk about. Even today, many of us struggle to understand the what and the why of that war.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2008-03-01

Productivity on Demand

Adaptation key to success for gear software developers.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2008-03-01

Software Bits 2008

Synopsis on the latest developments at several gear design software developers.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2008-03-01

Methodology for Translating Single-Tooth Bending Fatigue Data to be Comparable to Running Gear Data

A method to extrapolate running gear bending strength data from STF results for comparing bending performance of different materials and processes.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2008-03-01

In Memoriam: Donald R. McVittie

It is with regret we report that Donald R. McVittie passed away January 20, 2008.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2008-01-01

The Graying of the Gear Industry

The gear industry is getting old--fast. What are you doing about it?
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2007-11-02

ADCOLE Offers High-Speed Crankshaft Gage for Better Accuracy

A new high-speed, in-line, automatic crankshaft measurement gage for production environments that provides sub-micron accuracy has been i...
VOICES | 2007-11-01

Letters to the Editor

Letters from readers in response to past issues...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2007-11-01

Dontyne Debuts GATES Software

Dontyne Systems, a U.K. company founded by Michael Fish and David Palmer, recently unveiled a new software program for its Gear Production Suite.
EVENTS | 2007-11-01

Gear Expo 2007 Recap

The general impression—whether encouraged by AGMA or developed anecdotally—is that Gear Expo 2007 was a reasonable—though certainly relative—success
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-09-01

The New Freedoms: Bevel Blades

Today, because of reduced cost of coatings and quicker turnaround times, the idea of all-around coating on three-face-sharpened blades is again economically viable, allowing manufacturers greater freedoms in cutting blade parameters, including three-face-sharpened and even four-face-sharpened blades.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-09-01

Tooth-Bending Effects in Plastic Spur Gears

This paper describes the investigation of a steel-and-plastic gear transmission and presents a new hypothesis on the governing mechanism in the wear of plastic gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-08-01

True Bending Stress in Spur Gears

In this paper, an accurate FEM analysis has been done of the “true” stress at tooth root of spur gears in the function of the gear geometry. The obtained results confirm the importance of these differences.
ADDENDUM | 2007-07-01

Were Your Childhood Memories in HIGH GEAR

Loyal Gear Technology reader and Interstate Castings vice president Greg Bierck came across “High Gear” at a vintage toy store in Indianapolis, IN.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-07-01

Experience with Large, High-Speed Load Gears

The main theme of this article is high-capacity, high-speed load gears in a power transmission range between 35 MW and 100 MW for generators and turbo-compressors driven by gas or steam turbines.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-07-01

Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Cutting Technology Update

Spiral bevel and hypoid gear cutting has changed significantly over the years. The machines, tools, processes and coatings have steadily advanced.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2007-06-01

The Skinny on Lean Manufacturing

While universally known as a Japanese “invention” that was popularized by Toyota, lean in fact traces its roots to the work of post-World War II American occupation forces in Japan.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2007-06-01

Wind Turbine Market Leads Hansen Transmissions to India

When Belgium-based Hansen Transmissions was under the ownership of Invensys plc in the late 1990s, the parent company was dropping not-so-subtle hints that the industrial gearbox manufacturer was not part of its long-term plans. Yet Hansen’s CEO Ivan Brems never dreamed that, less than a decade later, he would be working for an Indian company.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-06-01

Nonstandard Tooth Proportions

With the right selection of nonstandard center distance and tool shifting, it may be possible to use standard tools to improve the gear set capacity with a considerable reduction in cost when compared to the use of special tools.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-06-01

Low Loss Gears

In most transmission systems, one of the main power loss sources is the loaded gear mesh. In this article, the influences of gear geometry parameters on gear efficiency, load capacity, and excitation are shown.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2007-05-24

Renold Introduces Interchangeable Range of Gearboxes and Couplings

Renold will exhibit its SMXtra interchangeable range of gearboxes and fluid couplings, for quarrying applications, at the Hillhead Exhibi...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-05-01

Thermal Behavior of Helical Gears

An experimental effort has been conducted on an aerospace-quality helical gear train to investigate the thermal behavior of the gear system as many important operational conditions were varied.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-03-01

Effects on Rolling Contact Fatigue Performance--Part II

This is part II of a two-part paper that presents the results of extensive test programs on the RCF strength of PM steels.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-03-01

Asymmetric Teeth: Bending Stress Calculation

This article includes a brief summary of the characteristics of involute asymmetric teeth and the problems connected with the related bending tests.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2007-01-26

GEARCALC Software Officially Released

GEARCALC, a software program for sizing and rating cylindrical gears, now offers demos for downloading. Three parts offer algorithms ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2007-01-09

Steinmeyer Introduces New Ball Bearings

Steinmeyer Inc. announced an addition to its standard line of miniature precision screws ? the "world's smallest commercially availab...
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2007-01-01

What Do You Think

Publisher Michael Goldstein wants to know what you think about the 2007 redesign of Gear Technology magazine
PRODUCT NEWS | 2007-01-01

Design Unit Evaluating New Software from SMT

MASTA 4.5.1 models complete transmissions and includes 3-D stress analysis.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-01-01

Effects on Rolling Contact Fatigue Performance

This article summarizes results of research programs on RCF strength of wrought steels and PM steels.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2007-01-01

Face Gears: Geometry and Strength

There are three distinct gear types in angle drives. The most commonly used are bevel and worm drives. Face gear drives are the third alternative.
EVENTS | 2007-01-01

AGMA Delegates Meet Chinese Counterparts

The AGMA pavilion was a hot spot at October's PTC-Asia show in Shanghai, as evidenced by the intense quoting reported by exhibitors.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-11-01

Characteristics of Master Gears

The two-flank roll test measures kickout (tooth-to-tooth composite error) and tooth thickness. In this article, it will be shown that measured values vary with the number of teeth on the master gear.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-11-01

Optimization of the Gear Profile Grinding Process Utilizing an Analogy Process

In order to grind gears burn-free and as productively as possible, a better understanding of the process is required.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2006-09-01

Product News

The complete Product News section from September/October 2006.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-09-01

Gear Shaving - Process Simulation Helps to Comprehend an Incomprehensible Process

Due to its economical efficiency, the gear shaving process is a widely used process for soft finishing of gears. A simulation technique allows optimization of the process.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-09-01

Determining the Shaper Cut Helical Gear Fillet Profile

This article describes a root fillet form calculating method for a helical gear generated with a shaper cutter.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-09-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from September/October 2006.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-07-01

Generating Interchangeable 20-Degree Spur Gear Sets with Circular Fillets to Increase Load Carrying Capacity

This article presents a new spur gear 20-degree design that works interchangeably with the standard 20-degree system and achieves increased tooth bending strength and hence load carrying capacity.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-07-01

The Lubrication of DLC Coated Gears with Environmentally Adapted Ester-Based Oil

A main limiting factor in extending the use of hard coatings to machine component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today's lubricants.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-07-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from July/August 2006.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-30

Rexnord Sold to Apollo for $1.8 Billion

Apollo Management LP bought Rexnord Corp. from The Carlyle Group for $1.825 billion. The Carlyle Group announced the transaction on th...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-22

Stainless Steel Cut-off Wheels Feature Thin Profile

The Alpha Green cut-off wheels for stainless steel feature a thin profile that cuts faster than conventional thicker wheels and are avail...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-20

Mastercam’s Latest CNC Software Enhanced to Provide Multi-Axis Toolpaths

The new Maintenance Release 2 (MR2) software from Mastercam introduces new capabilities including multi-axis toolpaths and Mastercam X a...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-19

Schunk's New Toolholder Designed for Low Interference Applications

The TRIBOS-RM from Schunk is designed for cutting speeds up to 50,000 rpm while offering run-out accuracy of less than three microns. The...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-18

Paulo Products Upgrades to ISO TS 16949: 2002

The St Louis, MO facility of Paulo Products Company has successfully passed the upgrade audit and has been awarded accreditation to ISO/T...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-15

SKF’s New Ball Bearings Reduce Noise in Air Handling Applications

SKF? ConCentra ball bearing units for high-speed air handling applications integrate unique concentric locking technology to form a near ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-15

Schott Systeme Streamlines Gear Design Software

Schotte Systeme published a new video outlining how one single universal function has been designed to consolidate both 2D and 3D move...

INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-12

Zero Max’s New Linear Actuators Convert Rotary Motion into Precise Linear Motion

The Roh’lix linear actuators from Zero-Max convert rotary motion to linear travel and carry loads at speeds up to 70" per second, de...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-11

United Grinding?s Newest Machine Grinds Shafts and Chucked Workpieces

[photo] The Studen S242 from United Grinding is designed for the hard turning and grinding of high-precision applications for both shaf...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-11

SKF’s New Cylindrical Roller Bearings Extend Wind Turbine Gearbox Life

New SKF high-capacity cylindrical roller bearings for wind turbine gearboxes have been engineered to promote longer gearbox service life...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-11

NUM’s Graphical and Conversational Software Compatible with Gear Manufacturing

NUM’s control systems will be displayed at IMTS and are suitable for use in gear manufacturing. The embedded machining cycles for ge...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-06

New Multi-Axis Machining Software from NCCS

NCCS announces the new release of the latest version of NCL 9.5 that improves productivity by reducing both programming time and cycle ti...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-04-03

Bryan Grinder Releases New Software

Bryant? Grinder, a division of Vermont Machine Tool, released Revelations? software, a Microsoft Windows-based, CNC control software that...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-03-10

Sterling Instrument’s Anti-Backlash Gears Eliminate Marred Shafts

A new series of 1158 anti-backlash gears manufactured by Sterling Instruments feature the Fairloc integral hub fastening system, which el...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-03-09

Ikona Gear Launches Oil and Gas Division, Signs Licensing Agreements

Ikona Gear launched Ikona Industries Corp. to focus on developing, manufacturing and shipping novel gearing applications for the oil and ...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2006-03-01

Shorter Cycle Times for Carburizing

Dana Corp. is developing a process that carburizes a straight bevel gear to a carbon content of 0.8% in 60 fewer minutes than atmosphere carburizing did with an identical straight bevel.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2006-03-01

Blue Skies for Aerospace Parts Manufacturing

Aerospace manufacturing has seen quite a turnaround in the past few years. The world's manufacturers of airplanes, helicopters, missiles, space vehicles and satellites are all extremely busy right now--and that's keeping quite a few gear manufacturers busy as well.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-03-01

Proposal for Tip Relief Modification to Reduce Noise and Sensitivity to Meshing Conditions in Spur Gears

In this article, a new tip relief profile modification for spur gears is presented. The topography proposed here is a classical linear profile modification with a parabolic fillet.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-03-01

Detailed Computer Model of Gearbox Reduces Design Time

LMS International helped a Fiat subsidiary develop a new, dynamic vibro-acoustic prediction method to reduce design time and engineering costs through accurate prediction of gear noise in the design phase.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-02-07

Induction Heating Companies Combine Sales Efforts

Inductoheat Inc., Radyne Corp., Newelco and HIS combined their sales efforts to serve induction heating and forging customers. Accord...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-02-03

New Brake for Gearless Drives

Ortlinghaus has introduced the DIMO braking system for gearless applications. The brake is electromagnetically actuated. According to...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-01-18

Marposs’ Newest Software Enables On-Machine Measuring

The 3D Shape Inspector software for on-machine measurement application from Marposs is used with the company’s touch probes and enab...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2006-01-10

Mitsubishi Gear Technology Adds Holroyd Machine

Mitsubishi Gear Technology Center has added the Holroyd GTG2 precision helical grinding machine to its portfolio. Ian Shearing, vice p...
PRODUCT NEWS | 2006-01-01

Finish Hobbing Crowned Helical Gears without Twist

New tool from LMT-Fette provides combination of operations.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-01-01

Assembling Spiral Gears: Double Taper Can Be Double Trouble

Bevel gear systems are particularly sensitive to improper assembly. Slight errors in gear positioning can turn a well-designed, quality manufactured gear set into a noisy, prone-to-failure weak link in your application.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2006-01-01

Investigation of the Noise and Vibration of Planetary Gear Drives

With the aim of reducing the operating noise and vibration of planetary gear sets used in automatic transmissions, a meshing phase difference was applied to the planet gears that mesh with the sun and ring gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-11-01

The Fatigue Endurance Limit: A Myth

Review of "Gigacycle Fatigue in Mechanical Practice," by Claude Bathias and Paul C. Paris
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-11-01

Development of Conical Involute Gears (Beveloids) for Vehicle Transmissions

Conical involute gears (beveloids) are used in transmissions with intersecting or skewed axes and for backlash-free transmissions with parallel axes.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-09-01

Measuring Pitch Diameter

Wait a minute, we don't measure pitch diameter. We're sometimes asked to measure it by customers, though, especially ones with older drawings.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-09-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the September/October 2005 issue of Gear Technology.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2005-09-01

The Unofficial Guide to Gear Expo 2005

Booth Listings for Gear Expo 2005 in Detroit.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-09-01

Determining Power Losses in the Helical Gear Mesh

This article reviews mathematical models for individual components associated with power losses, such as windage, churning, sliding and rolling friction losses.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2005-07-01

Product News

The complete Product News from July/August 2005.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-07-01

Systematic Investigations on the Influence of Case Depth on the Pitting and Bending Strength of Case Carburized Gears

The gear designer needs to know how to determine an appropriate case depth for a gear application in order to guarantee the required load capacity.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2005-05-01

A Novel Concept for High Accuracy Gear Calibration

The German National Metrology Institute has developed a novel calibration concept that allows for highly accurate calibration of product-like artifacts.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-04-16

Frenco Adds Gage for Measuring Splines to Produce A Circumferential Backlash Measuring Instrument

Frenco has expanded its product line by starting to produce a circumferential backlash measuring instrument. According to its press r...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-04-13

Bock Workholding Introduces New Triangular Workholding System for Machining Centers

The Bock TriSystem workholding system, a triangular, six-station workholding system allows a greater range of tool access angles on horiz...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-04-13

New North American Subsidiary for Atlanta GmbH

Atlanta GmbH in Bietingheim-Bissingen, Germany, announced the formation of its new North American subsidiary, Atlanta Drive Systems Inc.,...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-04-13

New GM at Philadelphia Gear

Boyd Swearingen was promoted to general manager for Philadelphia Gear’s Gulf Coast and Southeast region. According to the company...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-04-12

New AGMA Officers

At the AGMA Annual meeting in March, the officers for 2005 were announced. Incomging officers are: Leslie Hennessy, Chairman Stan...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-04-05

Bourn & Koch, Star SU Consolidate Sales

Star SU and Bourn & Koch announced a mutual agreement for consolidation of the sales activities of each company’s machine tool produ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-03-27

Jos. Koepfer & Sohne GmbH Partners With EMAG

EMAG has acquired a majority interest of Jos. Koepfer & Sohne. The present product lines and personnel will remain, according to the c...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-03-09

mG miniGears Acquires New Furnace

mG miniGears acquired a high temperatures furnace that can perform at 1,300 degrees C sintering temperature. According to the company&...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-03-01

Gear Data Exchange Format

VDI has created a data exchange format that allows for the electronic exchange of all geometric parameters for cylindrical gears.
ADDENDUM | 2005-03-01

Gear Tattoos

Imagine a shop supervisor with a three-gear drivetrain tattooed on his bicep or a saleswoman with a tiny spur gear silhouetted just above her ankle.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-02-17

Ipsen Ships Furnace Line to Taiwan

The IpsenI/O 3000 internal quench batch furnace line has been sold and shipped to the Shenli heat treating facility in Taiwan to heat tre...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-02-13

REM Chemicals and Rosler GmbH Partner in Metal Finishing

REM Chemicals Inc.and Rosler GmbH developed a 20-year global marketing partnership for chemically-accelerated mass finishing processes, m...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-01-19

Saint-Gobain Gaskets Seal in Temperature Extremes

The OmniGasket from Saint-Gobain is constructed with a layer of PTFE adhered to an alloy base.According to the company's press releas...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-01-07

Rush Gears Publishes New Gear Design Guide

Rush Gears published a complete design guide that identifies 120,000 pre-engineered English and Western metric gears, gear formulas, hors...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-01-06

Ikona and Magna Advanced Technologies Partner for Gear Tooth Profile

Ikona Gear International and Magna Advanced Technologies have jointly introduced a patented gear technology that utilizes a newly designe...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2005-01-04

New Axle Shaft Hardening Capability from Inductoheat

The VSM-95 vertical scanning machine from Inductoheat is tooled up to process axle shafts. According to the company’s press rele...
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2005-01-01

Good Basic Design or Sophisticated Flank Optimizations - Each at the Right Time

More strength, less noise. Those are two major demands on gears, including bevel and hypoid gears.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2005-01-01

New Approach to Computerized Design of Spur and Helical Gears

Applying "Dynamic Block Contours" allows the designer to predict gear quality at the earliest stage of the design process.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2005-01-01

Tooth Flank Corrections of Wide Face Width Helical Gears that Account for Shaft Deflections

This paper discusses the influence of tip relief, root relief, load modification, end relief and their combinations on gear stresses and transmission errors due to shaft deflections.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2005-01-01

Robust Transmission Design Through Automated Optimization of Virtual Prototypes

Romax Technology is automating the design iteration process to allow companies to be faster to market with the highest quality, most robust gear products.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-11-01

Non-Standard Cylindrical Gears

Curved face width (CFW) spur gears are not popular in the gear industry. But these non-metallic gears have advantages over standard spur gears: higher contact ratio, higher tooth stiffness, and lower contact and bending stresses.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-09-01

Surface Damage Caused by Gear Profile Grinding and its Effects on Flank Load Carrying Capacity

Instances of damage to discontinuous form ground and surface-hardened gears, especially of large scale, have recently increased. This may be attributed partly to a faulty grinding process with negative effects on the surface zones and the surface properties.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-07-01

Load Carrying Capacity of Screw Helical Gears with Steel Pinions and Plastic Wheels

There is an increasing significance of screw helical and worm gears that combine use of steel and plastics. This is shown by diverse and continuously rising use in the automotive and household appliance industries. The increasing requirements for such gears can be explained by the advantageous qualities of such a material combination in comparison with that of the traditional steel/bronze pairing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-07-01

A Winding Path into the Gear Industry: Falk Corp.

Glancing back now, The Falk Corp. looks to have had a straight path toward power transmission when it opened in 1892.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-07-01

Influence of Coatings and Surface Improvements on the Lifetime of Gears

Surface coatings or finishing processes are the future technologies for improving the load carrying capacity of case hardened gears. With the help of basic tests, the influence of different coatings and finishing processes on efficiency and resistance to wear, scuffing, micropitting, and macropitting is examined.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-05-01

A Model of the Pumping Action Between the Teeth of High-Speed Spur and Helical Gears

For a high-speed gearbox, an important part of power losses is due to the mesh. A global estimation is not possible and an analytical approach is necessary with evaluations of three different origins of power losses: friction in mesh contact, gear windage and pumping effect between teeth.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-05-01

Evaluation of Bending Strength of Carburized Gears

The aim of our research is to clearly show the influence of defects on the bending fatigue strength of gear teeth. Carburized gears have many types of defects, such as non-martensitic layers, inclusions, tool marks, etc. It is well known that high strength gear teeth break from defects in their materials, so it’s important to know which defect limits the strength of a gear.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-04-17

Manufacturing Association Elects New Board of Directors

The Association for Manufacturing Technology has its elected new officers at their 2004 conference in Bonita Springs, FL. David J. Bu...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-04-17

Suhner Publishes New Catalog

Suhner Manufacturing has release its new flexible shaft/bevel gear catalog, containing complete information on flexible shafts and assem...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-04-16

New Measuring Machine from Marposs

The M110 Optoflex from Marposs is designed for the dimensional inspection of shafts and shaft-like parts. Utilizing optoelectric technolo...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-04-02

Philadelphia Gear Hires Canadian Rep

Gaetan Perron was hired as the sales representative for established Philadelphia Gear customers in Canada and for prospects in eastern On...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-03-01

New ANSI-AGMA Accuracy Standards for Gears

AGMA has started to replace its 2000-A88 standard for gear accuracy with a new series of documents based largely on ISO standards. The first of the replacement AGMA standards have been published with the remainder coming in about a year. After serving as a default accuracy specification for U.S. commerce in gear products for several decades, the material in AGMA 2000-A88 is now considered outdated and in need of comprehensive revision.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-01-28

New Gear Measurement Software from Wilcox

The PC-DMIS gear measuring software from Wilcox is designed for any CMM. The software is an alternative to dedicated gear measurement...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-01-19

New Advancement in Inertia Friciton Welding

The inertia friction welding cycle from Manufacturing Technology can now orient parts using inertia or direct drive friction welding. ...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-01-04

New Managers at M&M Precision

Mark Cowan and John Zahora joined M&M Precision Systems Corp. of Willoughby, OH, in different management positions. According to the ...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2004-01-01

Software Bits

The latest software for gear design, engineering and manufacturing.
REVOLUTIONS | 2004-01-01

Revolutions

"Magnetic Filtration" and "Better Blanking from Bar-Stock"
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2004-01-01

Industry News

The complete Industry News section from the January/February 2004 issue.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2003-12-06

New Finishing Process from Kapp

The Kapp Group has introduced a combined process for hard finishing transmission gears that involves two machines?one for grinding and th...
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2003-12-06

New Flathoning Machines from Stahli

The Model DLM flathoning machine 705 from Stahli features a new construction and allows for faster processing speeds. According to the...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-09-01

Solid Model Generation of Involute Cylindrical Gears

This paper presents approximate and accurate methods to generate solid models of involute cylindrical gears using Autodesk Inventor 3-D CAD software.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-09-01

Direct Gear Design: Bending Stress Minimization

Bending stress evaluation in modern gear design is generally based on the more-than-one-hundred-year-old Lewis equation.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-09-01

Local 3-D Flank Form Optimizations for Bevel Gears

Optimizing the running behavior of bevel and hypoid gears means improving both noise behavior and load carrying capacity. Since load deflections change the relative position of pinion and ring gear, the position of the contact pattern will depend on the torque. Different contact positions require local 3-D flank form optimizations for improving a gear set.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2003-07-01

Product News

Complete Product News for July/August 2003.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-05-01

Characterizaton of Retained Austenite in Case Carburized Gears and Its Influence on Fatigue Performance

Carburized helical gears with high retained austenite were tested for surface contact fatigue. The retained austenite before test was 60% and was associated with low hardness near the case's surface. However, the tested gears showed good pitting resistance, with fatigue strength greater than 1,380 MPa.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2003-05-01

Product News

Complete Product News for May/June 2003.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-05-01

Performance of Skiving Hobs in Finishing Induction Hardened and Carburized Gears

In order to increase the load carrying capacity of hardened gears, the distortion of gear teeth caused by quenching must be removed by precision cutting (skiving) and/or grinding. In the case of large gears with large modules, skiving by a carbide hob is more economical than grinding when the highest accuracy is not required.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-05-01

The Two-Sided-Ground Bevel Cutting Tool

In the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. Those three faces formed the active part of the blade. In face hobbing, the effective cutting direction changes dramatically with respect to the shank of the blade. Depending on the individual ratio, it was found that optimal conditions for the chip removal action (side rake, side relief and hook angle) could just be established by adjusting all major parameters independently. This, in turn, results automatically in the need for the grinding or resharpening of the front face and the two relief surfaces in order to control side rake, hook angle and the relief and the relief angles of the cutting and clearance side.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-03-01

Determination and Optimization of the Contact Pattern of Worm Gears

The load capacity of worm gears is mainly influenced by the size and the position of the contact pattern.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-03-01

Design Robustness and it Effect on Transmission Error and Other Design Parameters

Transmission errors, axial shuttling forces and friction result in bearing forces that serve as the major excitations of gear noise. This paper will use these factors as well as gear stresses and tribological factors to assist in obtaining optimal gear designs.
EVENTS | 2003-01-01

Technical Calendar

Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 2003.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-01-01

The Alignment of High Speed Gears

This paper reviews the necessity for detailed specification, design and manufacture to achieve required performance in service. The precise definition of duty rating and a thorough understanding of the environmental conditions, whether it is in a marine or industrial application, is required to predict reliable performance of a gearbox through its service life. A case study relating to complex marine gears and other general practice is presented to review the techniques used by Allen Gears to design and develop a gearbox that integrates with the requirements of the whole machinery installation. Allen Gears has considerable experience in the design of a variety of industrial and marine gears(Ref. 1,2).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2003-01-01

Gear Damage Detection Using Oil Debris Analysis

The purpose of this paper was to verify, when using an oil debris sensor, that accumulated mass predicts gear pitting damage and to identify a method to set threshold limits for damaged gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-11-01

The Barkhausen Noise Inspection Method for Detecting Grinding Damage in Gears

When hardened steel components are ground, there is always the possibility of damage to the steel in the form of residual stress or microstructural changes. Methods for detecting this sort of damage have always had one or more drawbacks, such as cost, time, complexity, subjectivity, or the use of hazardous chemicals.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-11-01

Predicting the Heat-Treat Response of a Carburized Helical Gear

Using the DANTE software, a finite element simulation was developed and executed to study the response of a carburized 5120 steel helical gear to quenching in molten salt. The computer simulation included heat-up, carburization, transfer and immersion in a molten salt bath, quenching, and air cooling. The results of the simulation included carbon distribution of phases, dimensional change, hardness, and residual stress throughout the process. The predicted results were compared against measured results for hardness, dimensions and residual stress. The excellent agreement between predictions and measured values for this carburized 5120 steel gear provides a basis for assessing the various process parameters and their respective importance in the characteristics of not only these heat-treated parts, but of other compositions and shapes.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-11-01

Cutting Hardened Gears

The need for improved power transmissions that use gears and gearboxes with smaller overall dimensions and with lower noise generation has left manufacturing engineers searching for different methods of gear processing. This search has led to the requirement of hardened gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-09-01

Carburizing of Big Module and Large Diameter Gears

Carburized gears have higher strengths and longer lives compared with induction-hardened or quench-tempered gears. But in big module gears, carburizing heat-treatment becomes time-consuming and expensive and sometimes cannot achieve good hardness due to the big mass-effect. Also, it is not easy to reduce distortion of gears during heat treatment.
REVOLUTIONS | 2002-09-01

Revolutions

Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-09-01

Direct Gear Design for Spur and Helical Involute Gears

Modern gear design is generally based on standard tools. This makes gear design quite simple (almost like selecting fasteners), economical, and available for everyone, reducing tooling expenses and inventory. At the same time, it is well known that universal standard tools provide gears with less than optimum performance and - in some cases - do not allow for finding acceptable gear solutions. Application specifies, including low noise and vibration, high density of power transmission (lighter weight, smaller size) and others, require gears with nonstandard parameters. That's why, for example, aviation gear transmissions use tool profiles with custom proportions, such as pressure angle, addendum, and whole depth. The following considerations make application of nonstandard gears suitable and cost-efficient:
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-09-01

Measuring Profile and Base Pitch Error with a Micrometer

In this article, equations for finding profile and base pitch errors with a micrometer are derived. Limitations of micrometers with disc anvils are described. The design of a micrometer with suitable anvils is outlined.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-07-01

Performance Analysis of Hypoid Gears by Tooth Flank Form Measurement

The traditional way of controlling the quality of hypoid gears' tooth flank form is to check the tooth flank contact patterns. But it is not easy to exactly judge the tooth flank form quality by the contact pattern. In recent years, it has become possible to accurately measure the tooth flank form of hypoid gears by the point-to-point measuring method and the scanning measuring method. But the uses of measured data of the tooth flank form for hypoid gears have not yet been well developed in comparison with cylindrical involute gears. In this paper, the tooth flank form measurement of generated face-milled gears, face-hobbed gears and formulate/generated gears are reported. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of scanning and point-to-point measuring of 3-D tooth flank forms of hypoid gears and introduce some examples of uses of measured data for high-quality production and performance prediction.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-05-01

Carbide Hobbing Case Study

Bodine Electric Co. of Chicago, IL., has a 97-year history of fine-and medium-pitch gear manufacturing. Like anywhere else, traditions, old systems, and structures can be beneficial, but they can also become paradigms and obstacles to further improvements. We were producing a high quality product, but our goal was to become more cost effective. Carbide hobbing is seen as a technological innovation capable of enabling a dramatic, rather than an incremental, enhancement to productivity and cost savings.
PRODUCT NEWS | 2002-03-01

Product News

Complete Product News for March/April 2002.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-01-01

Net-Shape Forged Gears - The State of the Art

Traditionally, high-quality gears are cut to shape from forged blanks. Great accuracy can be obtained through shaving and grinding of tooth forms, enhancing the power capacity, life and quietness of geared power transmissions. In the 1950s, a process was developed for forging gears with teeth that requires little or no metal to be removed to achieve final geometry. The initial process development was undertaken in Germany for the manufacture of bevel gears for automobile differentials and was stimulated by the lack of available gear cutting equipment at that time. Later attention has turned to the forging of spur and helical gears, which are more difficult to form due to the radial disposition of their teeth compared with bevel gears. The main driver of these developments, in common with most component manufacturing, is cost. Forming gears rather than cutting them results in increased yield from raw material and also can increase productivity. Forging gears is therefore of greater advantage for large batch quantities, such as required by the automotive industry.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2002-01-01

Consideration of Moving Tooth Load in Gear Crack Propagation Predictions

Effective gear designs balance strength, durability, reliability, size, weight, and cost. Even effective designs, however, can have the possibility of gear cracks due to fatigue. In addition, truly robust designs consider not only crack initiation, but also crack propagation trajectories. As an example, crack trajectories that propagate through the gear tooth are the preferred mode of failure compared to propagation through the gear rim. Rim failure will lead to catastrophic events and should be avoided. Analysis tools that predict crack propagation paths can be a valuable aid to the designer to prevent such catastrophic failures.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2002-01-01

Cyber-Seminars: A Virtual Success

You hardly have to leave your office anymore, because the whole world is being piped right to your desktop. I know, because I recently attended my first seminar by Internet.
VOICES | 2002-01-01

The Gear Analysis Handbook by James L. Taylor Vibration Consultants Inc.

The author has written this book primarily from the viewpoint of analyzing vibrations on heavy industrial and mill gearing that may have been in service for a prolonged time. The purpose is to diagnose problems, especially the source or cause of failure. However, the principles and analysis techniques can be used for all types and sizes of gears, as well as for gear noise analysis.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-11-01

Profile Shift in External Parallel Axis Cylindrical Involute Gears

Early in the practice of involute gearing, virtually all gears were made with the teeth in a standard relationship to the reference pitch circle. This has the advantages that any two gears of the same pitch, helix angle and pressure angle can operate together, and that geometry calculations are relatively simple. It was soon realized, though, that there are greater advantages to be gained by modifying the relationship of the teeth to the reference pitch circle. The modifications are called profile shift.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-09-01

What "Ease-Off" shows about Bevel and Hypoid Gears

The configuration of flank corrections on bevel gears is subject to relatively narrow restrictions. As far as the gear set is concerned, the requirement is for the greatest possible contact zone to minimize flank compression. However, sufficient reserves in tooth depth and longitudinal direction for tooth contact displacement should be present. From the machine - and particularly from the tool - point of view, there are restrictions as to the type and magnitude of crowning that can be realized. Crowning is a circular correction. Different kinds of crowning are distinguished by their direction. Length crowning, for example, is a circular (or 2nd order) material removal, starting at a reference point and extending in tooth length or face width.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-09-01

Face Gears: An Interesting Alternative for Special Applications - Calculation, Production and Use

Crown gearings are not a new type of gear system. On the contrary, they have been in use since very early times for various tasks. Their earliest form is that of the driving sprocket, found in ancient Roman watermills or Dutch windmills. The first principles of gear geometry and simple methods of production (shaper cutting) were developed in the 1940s. In the 1950s, however, crown gears' importance declined. Their tasks were, for example, taken over by bevel gears, which were easier to manufacture and could transmit greater power. Current subject literature accordingly contains very little information on crown gears, directed mainly to pointing out their limitations (Ref. 1).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-07-01

Measuring Base Helix Error on a Sine Bar

Base helix error - the resultant of lead and profile errors is the measured deviation from the theoretical line of contact (Fig. 1). It can be measured in the same way that lead error on a spur gear is measured, namely, by setting a height gage to height H based on the radial distance r to a specified line of contact (Fig. 2), rotating the gear so as to bring a tooth into contact with the indicator on the height gage, and then moving the height gage along two or more normals to the plane of action. The theoretical line of contact on helical gear must be parallel to the surface plate, which is attained by mounting the gear on a sine bar (Fig. 3).
ADDENDUM | 2001-05-01

Gear Fashion

Combining involute curves and body curves, merging factory and fashion, Winzeler Gear has transformed one of its products into gear haute couture. Winzeler Gear has created a plastic gear dress.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-05-01

Load Distribution in Planetary Gears

Two-shaft planetary gear drives are power-branching transmissions, which lead the power from input to output shaft on several parallel ways. A part of the power is transferred loss-free as clutch power. That results in high efficiency and high power density. Those advantages can be used optimally only if an even distribution of load on the individual branches of power is ensured. Static over-constraint, manufacturing deviations and the internal dynamics of those transmission gears obstruct the load balance. With the help of complex simulation programs, it is possible today to predict the dynamic behavior of such gears. The results of those investigations consolidate the approximation equations for the calculation of the load factors...
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-05-01

Design Formulas for Evaluating Contact Stress in Generalized Gear Pairs

A very important parameter when designing a gear pair is the maximum surface contact stress that exists between two gear teeth in mesh, as it affects surface fatigue (namely, pitting and wear) along with gear mesh losses. A lot of attention has been targeted to the determination of the maximum contact stress between gear teeth in mesh, resulting in many "different" formulas. Moreover, each of those formulas is applicable to a particular class of gears (e.g., hypoid, worm, spiroid, spiral bevel, or cylindrical - spur and helical). More recently, FEM (the finite element method) has been introduced to evaluate the contact stress between gear teeth. Presented below is a single methodology for evaluating the maximum contact stress that exists between gear teeth in mesh. The approach is independent of the gear tooth geometry (involute or cycloid) and valid for any gear type (i.e., hypoid, worm, spiroid, bevel and cylindrical).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-05-01

Gearbox Field Performance From a Rebuilder's Perspective

The major focus of the American Gear Manufacturers Association standards activity has been the accurate determination of a gearbox's ability to transmit a specified amount of power for a given amount of time. The need for a "level playing field" in the critical arena was one of the reasons the association was formed in the first place. Over the past 85 years, AGMA committees have spent countless hours "discussing" the best ways to calculate the rating of a gear set, often arguing vigorously over factors that varied the resulting answers by fractions of a percentage point. While all that "science" was being debated in test labs and conference rooms all over the country, out industry's customers were conducting their own experiments through the daily operation of gear-driven equipment of all types.
REVOLUTIONS | 2001-03-01

Revolutions

Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-03-01

Austempered Gears and Shafts: Tough Solutions

Austempered irons and steels offer the design engineer alternatives to conventional material/process combinations. Depending on the material and the application, austempering may provide the producers of gear and shafts with the following benefits: ease of manufacturing, increased bending and/or contact fatigue strength, better wear resistance or enhanced dampening characteristics resulting in lower noise. Austempered materials have been used to improve the performance of gears and shafts in many applications in a wide range of industries.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-03-01

The Calculation of Optimum Surface Carbon Content for Carburized Case Hardened Gears

For high-quality carburized, case hardened gears, close case carbon control is essential. While tight carbon control is possible, vies on what optimum carbon level to target can be wider than the tolerance.
ADDENDUM | 2001-01-01

Special Gears Help Hatch a Summer Movie

Chicken Run - the summer that used stop-motion clay figures - is about a group of chickens laying a plan to escape from their farm before they're turned into chicken pies. Distributed by Steven Spielberg's Dream Works, Chicken Run is also about a group of specially-made worms and wheels.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2001-01-01

Suitability of High Density Powder Metal Gears for Gear Applications

The implementation of powder metal (PM)components in automotive applications increases continuously, in particular for more highly loaded gear components like synchromesh mechanisms. Porosity and frequently inadequate material properties of PM materials currently rule out PM for automobile gears that are subject to high loads. By increasing the density of the sintered gears, the mechanical properties are improved. New and optimized materials designed to allow the production of high-density PM gears by single sintering may change the situation in the future.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2001-01-01

Industry News

Complete Industry News for January/February 2001.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-11-01

Parallel Axis Gear Grinding: Theory & Application

The goal of gear drive design is to transit power and motion with constant angular velocity. Current trends in gear drive design require greater load carrying capacity and increased service life in smaller, quieter, more efficient gearboxes. Generally, these goals are met by specifying more accurate gears. This, combined with the availability of user-friendly CNC gear grinding equipment, has increased the use of ground gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-11-01

Design Against Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture

In a modern truck, the gear teeth are among the most stressed parts. Failure of a tooth will damage the transmission severely. Throughout the years, gear design experience has been gained and collected into standards such as DIN (Ref. 1) or AGMA (Ref. 2). Traditionally two types of failures are considered in gear design: tooth root bending fatigue, and contact fatigue. The demands for lighter and more silent transmissions have given birth to new failure types. One novel failure type, Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture (TIFF), has previously been described by MackAldener and Olsson (Refs. 3 & 4) and is further explored in this paper.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 2000-11-01

A Pause That Refreshes

When you to to IMTS, you expect to see hoopla. The mass of machines and bodies gathered in one place should create an unmistakable level of energy and enthusiasm. IMTS 2000 seemed uncharacteristically quiet...
EVENTS | 2000-09-01

Technical Calendar

Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 2000.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 2000-09-01

Gear Up for Performance: An Introduction to Synthetic Lubricants for Fractional Horespower Applications

Editor's Note: The following article details the advantages of synthetic lubricants in certain applications. However, the user should be aware of certain design issues arising from the extract chemistry of the synthetic. For example, some synthetics may have low solvency for additives. Others may not be compatible with mineral oils or nonmetallic components such as seals and paints. Some synthetics may absorb water and may not have the same corrosion resistance as mineral oils. Finally, the user should consider biodegradability or toxicity before switching to any new lubricant. Many of these concerns are present in petroleum-based lubricants as well, so consult a lubrication specialist before specifying a lubricant.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2000-07-01

Industry News

Complete Industry News for July/August 2000.
EVENTS | 2000-07-01

Technical Calendar

Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 2000.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 2000-07-01

Determining Lead Error on a Crowned Pinion

Q&A is your interactive gear forum.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-07-01

The Math of Noncircular Gearing

Noncircular gearing is not new. There are well-documented articles covering standard and high order elliptical gears, sinusoidal gears, logarithmic spiral gears, and circular gears mounted eccentrically. What these designs have in common is a pitch curve defined by a mathematical function. This article will cover noncircular gearing with free-form pitch curves, which, of course, includes all the aforementioned functions. This article also goes into the generation of teeth on the pitch curve, which is not usually covered in the technical literature. Needless to say, all this is possible only with the help of a computer.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-05-01

The Design and Testing of a Low Noise Marine Gear

This article offers an overview of the practical design of a naval gear for combined diesel or gas turbine propulsion (CODOG type). The vibration performance of the gear is tested in a back-to-back test. The gear presented is a low noise design for the Royal Dutch Navy's LCF Frigate. The design aspects for low noise operation were incorporated into the overall gear system design. Therefore, special attention was paid to all the parameters that could influence the noise and vibration performance of the gearbox. These design aspects, such as tooth corrections, tooth loading, gear layout, balance, lubrication and resilient mounting, will be discussed.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-05-01

A Modular Approach to Computing Spiral Bevel Gears and Curvic Couplings

In general, bevel gears and curvic couplings are completely different elements. Bevel gears rotate on nonintersecting axis with a ratio based on the number of teeth. Curvic couplings work like a clutch (Fig. 1).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-03-01

Reducing Production Costs in Cylindrical Gear Hobbing and Shaping

Increased productivity in roughing operations for gear cutting depends mainly on lower production costs in the hobbing process. In addition, certain gears can be manufactured by shaping, which also needs to be taken into account in the search for a more cost-effective form of production.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-03-01

The Effect of Material Defects on Gear Perfomance - A Case Study

The quality of the material used for highly loaded critical gears is of primary importance in the achievement of their full potential. Unfortunately, the role which material defects play is not clearly understood by many gear designers. The mechanism by which failures occur due to material defects is often circuitous and not readily apparent. In general, however, failures associated with material defects show characteristics that point to the source of the underlying problem, the mechanism by which the failure initiated, and the manner in which it progressed to failure of the component.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 2000-01-01

Low Vibration Design on A Helical Gear Pair

Helical gear pairs with narrow face width can be theoretically classified into three categories over the contact ration domain whose abscissa is the transverse contact ration and whose ordinate is the overlap contact ratio. There is a direct relation between vibration magnitude and shaft parallelism deviation. To clarify the effect of the tooth deviation types on the vibration behavior of helical gear pairs, performance diagrams on vibration are introduced. the acceleration levels of gear pairs are shown by contour lines on the contact ratio domain. Finally, the performance of gears with bias-in and bias-out modifications is discussed considering the effect of the shaft parallelism deviation with use of the developed simulator on a helical gear unit. It becomes clear that there is an asymmetrical feature on the relation between the vibration magnitude of a gear pair and the direction of each deviation.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1999-11-01

Coordinate Measuring Machines and the Gear Industry

Gears are extremely complex shapes. Coordinate measuring machines, or CMMs, are designed to measure complex shapes. It seems to follow that CMMs world, therefore, be the ideal tool for measuring gears. But the answer is not so simple.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1999-09-01

Powder Metallurgy Innovations

Powder metal. To gear makers today, the phrase conjures images of low power applications in non-critical systems. As powder metal technology advances, as the materials increase in density and strength, such opinions are changing. It is an ongoing, evolutionary process and one that will continue for some time. According to Donald G. White, the executive director of the Metal Powder Industries Federation, in his State-of-the-P/M Industry - 1999 report. "The P/M world is changing rapidly and P/M needs to be recognized as a world-class process - national, continental and even human barriers and prejudices must be eliminated - we must join forces as a world process - unified in approach and goals."
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1999-09-01

Industry News

Industry News for September/October 1999.
REVOLUTIONS | 1999-07-01

Revolutions

Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
ADDENDUM | 1999-07-01

A Brief History of Gears

No one is quite sure when gears were invented. It's universally agreed, however, that they've been transmitting motion in one form or another for quite a long time.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1999-07-01

Development of Gear Technology and Theory of Gearing

I must admit that after thumbing through the pages of this relatively compact volume (113 pages, 8.5 x 11 format), I read its three chapters(theory of gearing, geometry and technology, and biographical history) from rear to front. It will become obvious later in this discussion why I encourage most gear engineers to adopt this same reading sequence!
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1999-07-01

Kicking Tires

For the first time in probably 15 years, I've attended an auto show. Although I haven't been purposely avoiding them, over the past decade or so, the auto industry hasn't given me a compelling reason to go.
PRODUCT NEWS | 1999-05-01

Product News

Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1999-03-01

Navigating Uncharted Waters in Cyberspace

I'd like to share with you a vision of the future. It takes place in cyberspace, and it's coming soon to a computer near you. Whether you like it or not, and whether you're ready or not, the Internet is changing the way business is conducted.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1999-03-01

Fatigue Aspects of Case Hardened Gears

The efficient and reliable transmission of mechanical power continues, as always, to be a central area of concern and study in mechanical engineering. The transmission of power involves the interaction of forces which are transmitted by specially developed components. These components must, in turn, withstand the complex and powerful stresses developed by the forces involved. Gear teeth transmit loads through a complex process of positive sliding, rolling and negative sliding of the contacting surfaces. This contact is responsible for both the development of bending stresses at the root of the gear teeth and the contact stresses a the contacting flanks.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1999-01-01

ISO 6336-5: Strength and Quality of Materials

This is the fourth and final article in a series exploring the new ISO 6336 gear rating standard and its methods of calculation. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author as an individual. They do not represent the opinions of any organization of which he is a member.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-11-01

The Basics of Gear Metrology and Terminology Part II

In the last section, we discussed gear inspection; the types of errors found by single and double flank composite and analytical tests; involute geometry; the involute cam and the causes and symptoms of profile errors. In this section, we go into tooth alignment and line of contact issues including lead, helix angles, pitch, pitchline runout, testing and errors in pitch and alignment.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1998-11-01

Changes In The Gear Industry

Industry News for November/December 1998.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-11-01

Calculating Spur and Helical Gear Capacity with ISO 6336

This is the third article in a series exploring the new ISO 6336 gear rating standard and its methods of calculation. The opinions expressed herein are htose of the author as an individual. They do not represent the opinions of any organization of which he is a member.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-09-01

Designing Reliability Into Industrial Gear Drives

The primary objective in designing reliable gear drives is to avoid failure. Avoiding failure is just as important for the manufacturer and designer as it is for the end user. Many aspects should be considered in order to maximize the potential reliability and performance of installed gearing.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-09-01

The Basics of Gear Metrology and Terminology Part I

It is very common for those working in the gear manufacturing industry to have only a limited understanding of the fundamental principals of involute helicoid gear metrology, the tendency being to leave the topic to specialists in the gear lab. It is well known that quiet, reliable gears can only be made using the information gleaned from proper gear metrology.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-09-01

Comparing Standards

One of the best ways to learn the ISO 6336 gear rating system is to recalculate the capacity of a few existing designs and to compare the ISO 6336 calculated capacity to your experience with those designs and to other rating methods. For these articles, I'll assume that you have a copy of ISO 6336, you have chosen a design for which you have manufacturing drawings and an existing gear capacity calculation according to AGMA 2001 or another method. I'll also assume that you have converted dimensions, loads, etc. into the SI system of measurement.
ADDENDUM | 1998-07-01

The Music of the Gears

It should be obvious by now that gears are more than just mechanical components. We have brought you movies with gears and Shakespeare with gears, jewelry made out of gears and so on. Now we, the humble staff at Addendum, are proud to present gears in the world of music.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1998-07-01

Introduction to ISO 6336 What Gear Manufacturers Need to Know

ISO 6336 Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears was published in 1997 after 50 years of effort by an international committee of experts whose work spanned three generations of gear technology development. It was a difficult compromise between the existing national standards to get a single standard published which will be the basis for future work. Many of the compromises added complication to the 1987 edition of DIN 3990, which was the basic document.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-07-01

Effects of Planetary Gear Ratio on Mean Service Life

Planetary gear transmissions are compact, high-power speed reducers that use parallel load paths. The range of possible reduction ratios is bounded from below and above by limits on the relative size of the planet gears. For a single-plane transmission, the planet gear has no size of the sun and ring. Which ratio is best for a planetary reduction can be resolved by studying a series of optimal designs. In this series, each design is obtained by maximizing the service life for a planetary transmission with a fixed size, gear ratio, input speed, power and materials. The planetary gear reduction service life is modeled as a function of the two-parameter Weibull distributed service lives of the bearings and gears in the reduction. Planet bearing life strongly influences the optimal reduction lives, which point to an optimal planetary reduction ratio in the neighborhood of four to five.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1998-05-01

AGMA and ISO Accuracy Standards

The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to write all U.S. standards on gearing. However, in response to the growing interest in a global marketplace, AGMA became involved with the International Standards Organization (ISO) several years ago, first as an observer in the late 1970s and then as a participant, starting in the early 1980s. In 1993, AGMA became Secretariat (or administrator) for Technical Committee 60 of ISO, which administers ISO gear standards development.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-05-01

Hobs & Form Relived Cutters: Common Sharpening Problems

Fig. 1 shows the effects of positive and negative rake on finished gear teeth. Incorrect positive rake (A) increase the depth and decreases the pressure angle on the hob tooth. The resulting gear tooth is thick at the top and thin at the bottom. Incorrect negative rake (B) decreases the depth and increases the pressure angle. This results in a cutting drag and makes the gear tooth thin at the top and thick at the bottom.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-03-01

Programmable Separation of Runout From Profile and Lead Inspection Data for Gear Teeth With Arbitrary Modifications

A programmable algorithm is developed to separate out the effect of eccentricity (radial runout) from elemental gear inspection date, namely, profile and lead data. This algorithm can be coded in gear inspection software to detect the existence, the magnitude and the orientation of the eccentricity without making a separate runout check. A real example shows this algorithm produces good results.
VOICES | 1998-03-01

Viewpoint

Jules Kish responds to comments about his article on finding a hunting ratio, and Dr. Sante Basili argues that shaving is still the best way to finish a rough-cut gear.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-01-01

Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise

A major source of helicopter cabin noise (which has been measured at over 100 decibels sound pressure level) is the gearbox. Reduction of this noise is a NASA and U.S. Army goal. A requirement for the Army/NASA Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission project was a 10 dB noise reduction compared to current designs.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1998-01-01

Production Increase When Hobbing with Carbide Hobs

We are all looking for ways to increase production without sacrificing quality. One of the most cost-effective ways is by improving the substrate material of your hob. Solid carbide hobs are widely used in many applications throughout the world. LMT-Fette was the first to demonstrate the use of solid carbide hobs in 1993 on modern high-speed carbide (HSC) hobbing machines. Since then the process of dry hobbing has been continuously improving through research and product testing. Dry hobbing is proving to be successful in the gear cutting industry as sales for dry hobbing machines have steadily been rising along with the dramatic increase in sales of solid carbide hobs.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1998-01-01

Gear Teeth With Byte

Computers are everywhere. It's gotten so that it's hard to find an employee who isn't using one in the course of his or her day - whether he be CEO or salesman, engineer or machinist. Everywhere you look, you find the familiar neutral-colored boxes and bright glowing screens. And despite the gear industry's traditional reluctance to embrace new technology, more and moe of what you find on those screens are gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-11-01

Gear Shaving Basics - Part I

Gear shaving is a free-cutting gear finishing operation which removes small amounts of metal from the working surfaces of gear teeth. Its purpose is to correct errors in index, helix angle, tooth profile and eccentricity. The process also improves tooth surface finish and eliminates by means of crowned tooth forms the danger of tooth end load concentrations in service.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-11-01

Gear Crack Propagation Investigations

A common design goal for gears in helicopter or turboprop power transmission is reduced weight. To help meet this goal, some gear designs use thin rims. Rims that are too thin, however, may lead to bending fatigue problems and cracks. The most common methods of gear design and analysis are based on standards published by the American Gear Manufacturers Association. Included in the standards are rating formulas for gear tooth bending to prevent crack initiation (Ref. 1). These standards can include the effect of rim thickness on tooth bending fatigue (Ref 2.). The standards, however, do not indicate the crack propagation path or the remaining life once a crack has started. Fracture mechanics has developed into a useful discipline for predicting strength and life of cracked structures.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1997-09-01

Who's Who and What's What At Gear Expo '97

Below are listed the Gear Technology advertisers exhibiting at Gear Expo 97.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1997-09-01

Gleason Corporation Acquires The Pfauter Group

Gleason Corporation has announced that agreement has been reached on all terms to acquire for approximately $36 million in cash the Hermann Pfauter Group, including, among other operations, Hermann Pfauter GmbH & Co., a privately held leading producer of gear equipment based in Ludwigsburg, Germany; its 76% interest in Pfauter-Maad Cutting Tools, a leading cutting tool manufacturer basked in Loves Park, IL; and Pfauter-Maag management's 24% ownership interest in that company. The acquisition includes all assets and liabilities, including the assumption of approximately $56 million in bank debt.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-09-01

Structural Analysis of Asymmetrical Teeth: Reduction of Size and Weight

The present article contains a preliminary description of studies carried out by the authors with a view toward developing asymmetrical gear teeth. Then a comparison between numerous symmetrical and asymmetrical tooth stress fields under the same modular conditions follows. This leads to the formulation of a rule for similar modules governing variations of stress fields, depending on the pressure angle of the nonactive side. Finally a procedure allowing for calculations for percentage reductions of asymmetrical tooth modules with respect to corresponding symmetrical teeth, maximum ideal stress being equal, is proposed. Then the consequent reductions in size and weight of asymmetrical teeth are assessed.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-09-01

Thermal Effects on CMMs

The trend toward moving coordinate measuring machines to the shop floor to become an integral part of the manufacturing operations brings real time process control within the reach of many companies. Putting measuring machines on the shop floor, however, subjects them to harsh environmental conditions. Like any measuring system, CMMs are sensitive to any ambient condition that deviates from the "perfect" conditions of the metrology lab.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1997-09-01

Special Machine Manufacturer Brings Gear Making In-House

When you have a multi-million-dollar transfer line sitting on the shop floor waiting for gears that might take up to two months to get, you have a costly bottleneck.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1997-07-01

M & M Precision, Penn State & NIST Team Up For Gear Metrology Research

In 1993, M & M Precision Systems was awarded a three-year, partial grant from the Advanced Technology Program of the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Working with Pennsylvania State University, M&M embarked on a technology development project to advance gear measurement capabilities to levels of accuracy never before achieved.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-07-01

Involute Inspection Methods and Interpretation of Inspection Results

What is so unique about gear manufacturing and inspection? Machining is mostly associated with making either flat or cylindrical shapes. These shapes can be created by a machine's simple linear or circular movements, but an involute curve is neither a straight line nor a circle. In fact, each point of the involute curve has a different radius and center of curvature. Is it necessary to go beyond simple circular and linear machine movements in order to create an involute curve? One of the unique features of the involute is the fact that it can be generated by linking circular and linear movements. This uniqueness has become fertile soil for many inventions that have simplified gear manufacturing and inspection. As is the case with gear generating machines, the traditional involute inspection machines take advantage of some of the involute properties. Even today, when computers can synchronize axes for creating any curve, taking advantage of involute properties can be very helpful. I t can simplify synchronization of machine movements and reduce the number of variables to monitor.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-07-01

Basic Honing & Advanced Free-Form Honing

Rotary gear honing is a crossed-axis, fine, hard finishing process that uses pressure and abrasive honing tools to remove material along the tooth flanks in order to improve the surface finish (.1-.3 um or 4-12u"Ra), to remove nicks and burrs and to change or correct the tooth geometry. Ultimately, the end results are quieter, stronger and longer lasting gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-07-01

Structural Analysis of Teeth With Asymmetrical Profiles

This article illustrates a structural analysis of asymmetrical teeth. This study was carried out because of the impossibility of applying traditional calculations to procedures involved in the specific case. In particular, software for the automatic generation of meshes was devised because existing software does not produce results suitable for the new geometrical model required. Having carried out the structural calculations, a comparative study of the stress fields of symmetrical and asymmetrical teeth was carried out. The structural advantages of the latter type of teeth emerged.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-05-01

Eddy Current Examination of Gear Systems

Nondestructive examination (NDE) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved an effective maintenance and anomaly characterization tool for many industries. Recent research has expanded its applicability to include the inspection of large, open gear drives. Difficulties inherent in other NDE methods make them time-consuming and labor-intensive. They also present the user with the environmental problem of the disposal of used oil. The eddy current method addresses these problems.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-05-01

Kish Method for Dermination of Hunting Mesh

When designing a gear set, engineers usually want the teeth of the gear (Ng) and the pinion (Np) in a "hunting" mesh. Such a mesh or combination is defined as one in which the pinion and the gear do not have any common divisor by a prime number. If a mesh is "hunting," then the pinion must make Np x Ng revolutions before the same pinion tooth meshes with the same gear space. It is often easy to determine if a mesh is hunting by first determining if both the pinion and the gear teeth are divisible by 2,3,5,7,etc. (prime numbers). However, in this age of computerization, how does one program the computer to check for hunting teeth? A simple algorithm is shown below.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-05-01

Profile Grinding Gears From The Solid - Is It Practical

It isn't for everyone, but... Within the installed base of modern CNC gear profile grinding machines (approximately 542 machines worldwide), grinding from the solid isn't frequent, but a growing number of gear profile grinder users are applying it successfully using CBN-plated wheels.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1997-05-01

CNC Gear Grinding Methods

Grinding in one form or another has been used for more than 50 years to correct distortions in gears caused by the high temperatures and quenching techniques associated with hardening. Grinding improves the lead, involute and spacing characteristics. This makes the gear capable of carrying the high loads and running at the high pitch line velocities required by today's most demanding applications. Gears that must meet or exceed the accuracy requirements specified by AGMA Quality 10-11 or DIN Class 6-7 must be ground or hard finished after hear treatment.
ADDENDUM | 1997-03-01

Down By The Old Mill Stream

Back in the days when our great, great, great, etc., grandaddies were designing gears, one of the most common materials in use was wood. For fairly obvious reasons, we don't see too many wooden gears around anymore. But there are a few.
EVENTS | 1997-03-01

Technical Calendar

Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 1997.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1997-03-01

Induction Heat Trating: Things Remembered, Things Forgotten

Many potential problems are not apparent when using new induction heat treating systems. The operator has been trained properly, and setup parameters are already developed. Everything is fresh in one's mind. But as the equipment ages, personnel changes or new parts are required to be processed on the old equipment ages, personnel changes or new parts are required to b processed on the old equipment, important information can get lost in the shuffle.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1997-01-01

Gear Software You Didn't Know About

Designing and manufacturing gears requires the skills of a mathematician, the knowledge of an engineer and the experience of a precision machinist. For good measure, you might even include the are of a magician, because the formulas and calculations involved in gear manufacturing are so obscure and the processes so little known that only members of an elite cadre of professionals can perform them.
PRODUCT NEWS | 1997-01-01

New Software and Hardware

New Software/Hardware updates for the months of January/February 1997.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-11-01

The Advantages of Ion Nitriding Gears

When it comes to setting the standard for gear making, the auto industry often sets the pace. Thus when automakers went to grinding after hardening to assure precision, so did the machine shops that specialize in gearing. But in custom manufacturing of gears in small piece counts, post-heat treat grinding can grind away profits too.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1996-11-01

Standard Issues

Standards are unlike gears themselves: mundane, but complex, ubiquitous and absolutely vital. Standards are a lingua franca, providing a common language with reference points for evaluating product reliability and performance for manufacturers and users. The standards development process provides a scientific forum for discussion of product design, materials and applications, which can lead to product improvement. Standards can also be a powerful marketing tool for either penetrating new markets or protecting established ones.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-09-01

Tooth Modification and Spur Gear Tooth Strain

A major source of helicopter cabin noise (which has been measured at over 100 decibels sound pressure level) is the gear box. Reduction of this noise is a NASA and U.S. Army goal.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-09-01

Alternative Lubrication Methods for Large Open Gear Drives

The type of lubricant and the method of applying it to the tooth flanks of large open gears is very important from the point of view of lubrication technology and maintenance. When selecting the type of lubricant and the application method, it is important to check whether it is possible to feed the required lubricant quantity to the load-carrying tooth flanks, This is necessary to avoid deficient lubrication, damage to the gear and operational malfunctions. It is important to determine the type of lubricant, which may be fluid or grease-like. The consistency of the lubricant will have a direct impact on the ability of the lubrication system to feed adequately the lubricant to the gear. The interactions between the common types of lubricant and the lubrication application methods for open gear drives are shown in Fig. 1.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-07-01

Design Implications for Shaper Cutters

A gear shaper cutter is actually a gear with relieved cutting edges and increased addendum for providing clearance in the root of the gear being cut. The maximum outside diameter of such a cutter is limited to the diameter at which the teeth become pointed. The minimum diameter occurs when the outside diameter of the cutter and the base circle are the same. Those theoretical extremes, coupled with the side clearance, which is normally 2 degrees for coarse pitch cutters an d1.5 degrees for cutters approximately 24-pitch and finer, will determine the theoretical face width of a cutter.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-05-01

Generating Precision Spur Gears By Wire EDM

Over the past decade, the wire electrical discharge machine (EDM) has become an increasingly important tool for machining non-standard shapes. It has even been used to cut gears and gear cavities for plastic molds. While generally accepted as a quick and versatile method for cutting spur gears, the EDM gear has lacked the precision of a mechanically machined or ground gear. We suspected that many of the errors associated with these gears were caused by inexact setup procedures, poor tool path control and improper cutting parameters. We decided to test the potential for the wire EDM to make the most accurate gear possible.
ADDENDUM | 1996-05-01

Gear Terms You Didn't Know About

The word gear, in various forms, has been in use since around A.D. 1200, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Last issue we brought you Shakespearean gears. Now we'd like to show you some of the uses Americans have given our favorite word (from the Random House Dictionary of American Slang).
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1996-05-01

Other People's Footsteps

Earlier this year, a relative of mine, Sidney Mandell, tragically passed away. I had the good fortune to serve with Sidney on the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of the Machinery Dealers National Association (MDNA). Though he started before me, his MDNA career and mine overlapped for about 2 years. As I think back on the many things I learned form him, one of his favorite phrases keeps come to mind: "We walk in the footsteps of those who have gone before us."
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-03-01

Wear Protection for Gears

Several trends in mechanical engineering are leading to greater surface stress on components and thus to unacceptable wear. These trends include greater stresses due to increased power densities; the need to maintain high precision of components throughout their service life; and the environmental imperative to reduce use of lubricants and additives.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1996-01-01

Plan Ahead

Indianapolis is a nice city. No. It's a great city for a convention. The facilities and the city are modern, clean and bright. The Convention Center is easy to get to by either car or plane, and its central location in the heart of town and the enclosed skyway system between it and major hotels put visitors close to amenities like restaurants, shopping and entertainment. The people are friendly and go out of their way to make visitors feel welcome.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-01-01

The Next Step in Bevel Gear Metrology

In recent years, gear inspection requirements have changed considerably, but inspection methods have barely kept pace. The gap is especially noticeable in bevel gears, whose geometry has always made testing them a complicated, expensive and time-consuming process. Present roll test methods for determining flank form and quality of gear sets are hardly applicable to bevel gears at all, and the time, expense and sophistication required for coordinate measurement has limited its use to gear development, with only sampling occurring during production.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1996-01-01

Avoiding Interference In Shaper-Cut Gears

In the process of developing gear trains, it occasionally occurs that the tip of one gear will drag in the fillet of the mating gear. The first reaction may be to assume that the outside diameter of the gear is too large. This article is intended to show that although the gear dimensions follow AGMA guidelines, if the gear is cut with a shaper, the cutting process may not provide sufficient relief in the fillet area and be the cause of the interference.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1996-01-01

New Views A different way to spec and shop for parts

Information is the name of the game in the 90s. We need more of it; we need it faster; and we need it in infinitely manipulatable and user-friendly form. In many cases, getting it that way is still something of a Holy Grail, somewhere off on the distant horizon. But thanks to computer technology, bit by byte, we're getting there.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1996-01-01

Rebuilding a Metrology Infrastructure

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) announced at Gear Expo '95 that a national service for the calibration of involute artifacts is now available at the Department of Energy's Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, TN.
ADDENDUM | 1995-11-01

The Sines of the Fathers

Your Addendum team has come across a number of Good Ole Boys in its time; now we bring you something of even more interest - a Good Ole Gear Book. Mr. Robert Price, of Automation - Gears - Machinery, a gear consulting firm in Delanson, NY, shared with us a real find.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-11-01

Determining Spline Misalignment Capabilities

Introducing backlash into spline couplings has been common practice in order to provide for component eccentric and angular misalignment. The method presented here is believed to be exact for splines with even numbers of teeth and approximate for those with odd numbers of teeth. This method is based on the reduction of the maximum effective tooth thickness to achieve the necessary clearance. Other methods, such as tooth crowning, are also effective.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1995-11-01

QS - 9000 Rules

Ready or not, QS-9000 is here. If you are a first-tier supplier to one of the Big Three automotive companies, you've already heard that compliance with this new quality standard is now an entry-level requirement for doing business with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler. If you're a second-or third-tier supplier, you can expect the ripple effect of this new standard to hit your company one way or another.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-11-01

Effect of Web & Flange Thickness on Nonmetallic Gear Performance

Gears are manufactured with thin rims for several reasons. Steel gears are manufactured with thin rims and webs where low weight is important. Nonmetallic gears, manufactured by injection molding, are designed with thin rims as part of the general design rule to maintain uniform thickness to ensure even post-mold cooling. When a thin-rimmed gear fails, the fracture is thought the root of the gear, as shown in Fig. 1a, rather than the usual fillet failure shown in Fig. 1b.
PRODUCT NEWS | 1995-09-01

Product News

Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-09-01

Comparison of Surface Durability & Dynamic Performance of Powder Metal & Steel Gears

Surface-hardened, sintered powder metal gears are increasingly used in power transmissions to reduce the cost of gear production. One important problem is how to design with surface durability, given the porous nature of sintered gears. Many articles have been written about mechanical characteristics, such as tensile and bending strength, of sintered materials, and it is well-known that the pores existing on and below their surfaces affect their characteristics (Refs. 1-3). Power transmission gears are frequently employed under conditions of high speed and high load, and tooth surfaces are in contact with each other under a sliding-rolling contact condition. Therefore it is necessary to consider not only their mechanical, but also their tribological characteristics when designing sintered gears for surface durability.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1995-09-01

A Huge Success

Sivyer Steel Corporation, Bettendorf, IA, an ISO-9002-certified casting specialist, is familiar with tackling tough jobs. The company has built an international reputation as a supplier of high-integrity castings, especially those which require engineering and/or full machining. Its not unusual for Sivyer's customers, especially those in the mining, recycling, power generation, valve and nuclear fields, to ask the foundry to produce a one-of-a-kind casting - often something revolutionary - but AnClyde Engineered Products' request was a special challenge, even for Sivyer.
EVENTS | 1995-09-01

Technical Calendar

Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 1995.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-07-01

How to Avoid Errors When Measuring Step Gears

There are problems in dimensional measurement that should be simple to solve with standard measuring procedures, but aren't. In such cases, using accepted practices may result in errors of hundreds of microns without any warning that something is wrong.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1995-05-01

CNC Software Savvy

Question: When we purchase our first CNC gear hobbing machine, what questions should we ask about the software? What do we need to know to correctly specify the system requirements?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-05-01

EHL Film Thickness, Additives and Gear Surface Fatigue

Aircraft transmissions for helicopters, turboprops and geared turbofan aircraft require high reliability and provide several thousand hours of operation between overhauls. In addition, They should be lightweight and have very high efficiency to minimize operating costs for the aircraft.
ADDENDUM | 1995-03-01

The Second Edition...

Gearing for Munchkins Gene Kasten, president of Repair Parts, Inc., of Rockford, IL, is the proud owner of a miniature Barber-Colman hobber, the only one of its kind in the world. The machine, a replica of the old B-C "A" machine, was built between 1933 and 1941 by W. W. Dickover, who devoted 2, 640 hours of his spare time to the project.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1995-01-01

Information Control

It used to be that a shop with hustle and plenty of big, fast machines could thrive using a manual system. But no more. Today's economic environment requires more and more in the way of topnotch service and quick turnaround - which frequently means a completely integrated shop floor control system.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1995-01-01

CNC Basics

NC and CNC machines are at the heart of manufacturing today. They are the state-of-the-art equipment everybody has (or is soon going to get) that promise to lower costs, increase production and turn manufacturers into competitive powerhouses. Like many other high tech devices (such as microwaves and VCRs), lots of people have and use them - even successfully - without really knowing much about how they operate. But upgrading to CNC costs a lot of money, so it's crucial to separate the hype from the reality.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1995-01-01

How Many Mice Does It Take to Design a Gear

Gear design has long been a "black art." The gear shop's modern alchemists often have to solve problems with a combination of knowledge, experience and luck. In many cases, trial and error are the only effective way to design gears. While years of experience have produced standard gearsets that work well for most situations, today's requirements for quieter, more accurate and more durable gears often force manufacturers to look for alternative designs.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-01-01

The ELIMS Project

Arrow Gear Company of Downers Grove, IL, has implemented a computer system that fully integrates exchange between all of its computer applications. The ELIMS (Electronic Linkage of Information Management Systems) project has increased manufacturing productivity and reduced lead times.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1995-01-01

Multi-Metal Composite Gear-Shaft Technology

A research program, conducted in conjunction with a U.S. Army contract, has resulted in the development of manufacturing technology to produce a multi-metal composite gear/shaft representing a substantial weight savings compared to a solid steel component. Inertia welding is used to join a steel outer ring to a light-weight titanium alloy web and/or shaft through the use of a suitable interlayer material such as aluminum.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1995-01-01

The Paperless Factory

You're already a veteran of the computer revolution. Only you and your controller know how much money you've spent and only your spouse knows how many sleepless nights you've had in the last ten years trying to carve out a place in the brave new world of computerized gear manufacturing. PC's, CNCs, CAD, CAM, DNC, SPC, CMM: You've got a whole bowl of alphabet soup out there on the shop floor. Overall these machines have lived up to their promises. Production time is down, quality is up. You have fewer scrapped parts and better, more efficient machine usage.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-11-01

Quality Gear Inspection - Part II

This section will deal with the use of gear inspection for diagnostic purposes rather than quality determination. The proper evaluation of various characteristics in the data can be useful for the solution of quality problems. It is important to sort out whether the problem is coming from the machine, tooling and/or cutters, blanks, etc. An article by Robert Moderow in the May/June 1985 issue of Gear Technology is very useful for this purpose.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1994-09-01

Our Experts Discuss Electronic Gearboxes, Plus Backlash and What to Do about it

Question: In the January/February issue of your magazine, we came across the term "electronic gearbox." We have seen this term used elsewhere as well. We understand that this EGB eliminates the change gear in the transmission line, but not how exactly this is done. Could you explain in more detail?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-09-01

Quality Gear Inspection - Part I

Quality gear inspection means doing the "right" inspections "right." A lot of time and money can be spent doing the wrong types of inspections related to function and doing them incorrectly. As we will discover later, such things as runout can creep into the manufacturing and inspection process and completely ruin any piece of data that is taken. this is one of the most important problems to control for quality inspection.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-07-01

Computerized Hob Inspection & Applications of Inspection Results Part II

Flute Index Flute index or spacing is defined as the variation from the desired angle between adjacent or nonadjacent tooth faces measured in a plane of rotation. AGMA defines and provides tolerance for adjacent and nonadjacent flute spacing errors. In addition, DIN and ISO standards provide tolerances for individual flute variation (Fig. 1).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-07-01

Effect of Extended Tooth Contact on the Modeling of Spur Gear Transmissions

In some gear dynamic models, the effect of tooth flexibility is ignored when the model determines which pairs of teeth are in contact. Deflection of loaded teeth is not introduced until the equations of motion are solved. This means the zone of tooth contact and average tooth meshing stiffness are underestimated, and the individual tooth load is overstated, especially for heavily loaded gears. This article compares the static transmission error and dynamic load of heavily loaded, low-contact-ratio spur gears when the effect of tooth flexibility has been considered and when it has been ignored. Neglecting the effect yields an underestimate of resonance speeds and an overestimate of the dynamic load.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-05-01

Computerized Hob Inspection & Applications of Inspection Results - Part I

Can a gear profile generated by the hobbing method be an ideal involute? In strictly theoretical terms - no, but in practicality - yes. A gear profile generated by the hobbing method is an approximation of the involute curve. Let's review a classic example of an approximation.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-05-01

Designing Hardened & Ground Spur Gears to Operate With Minimum Noise

When designing hardened and ground spur gears to operate with minimum noise, what are the parameters to be considered? should tip and/or root relief be applied to both wheel and pinion or only to one member? When pinions are enlarged and he wheel reduced, should tip relief be applied? What are the effects on strength, wear and noise? For given ratios with enlarged pinions and reduced wheels, how can the gear set sized be checked or adjusted to ensure that the best combination has been achieved?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-05-01

Minimizing Backlash in Spur Gears

simplified equations for backlash and roll test center distance are derived. Unknown errors in measured tooth thickness are investigate. Master gear design is outlined, and an alternative to the master gear method is described. Defects in the test radius method are enumerated. Procedures for calculating backlash and for preventing significant errors in measurement are presented.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-03-01

Stress of Planet Gears with Thin Rims

This article discusses the relationships among the fillet stress on a thin rim planet gear, the radial clearance between the gear rim and the gear shaft, the tooth load, the rim thickness, the radius of curvature of the center line of the rim, the face width and the module.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-03-01

The Fundamentals of Gear Press Quenching

Most steel gear applications require appreciable loads to be applied that will result in high bending and compressive stresses. For the material (steel) to meet these performance criteria, the gear must be heat treated. Associated with this thermal processing is distortion. To control the distortion and achieve repeatable dimensional tolerances, the gear will be constrained during the quenching cycle of the heat treatment process. This type of fixture quenching is the function of gear quench pressing equipment.
EVENTS | 1994-01-01

Calendar

Complete calendar for January/February 1994
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1994-01-01

Generation of Helical Gears with New Surface Topology by Application of CNC Machines

Analysis of helical involute gears by tooth contact analysis shows that such gears are very sensitive to angular misalignment leading to edge contact and the potential for high vibration. A new topology of tooth surfaces of helical gears that enables a favorable bearing contact and a reduced level of vibration is described. Methods for grinding helical gears with the new topology are proposed. A TCA program simulating the meshing and contact of helical gears with the new topology has been developed. Numerical examples that illustrate the proposed ideas are discussed.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1994-01-01

The Gear Hobbing Process

Gear hobbing is a generating process. The term generating refers to the fact that the gear tooth form cut is not the conjugate form of the cutting tool, the hob. During hobbing both the hob and the workpiece rotate in a continuous rotational relationship. During this rotation, the hob is typically fed axially with all the teeth being gradually formed as the tool traverses the work face (see Fig. 1a).
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-11-01

Hob Basics Part II

This is Part II of a two-part series on the basics of gear hobbing. Part I discussed selection of the correct type of hobbing operation, the design features of hobs and hob accuracy. This part will cover sharpening errors and finish hob design considerations.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-11-01

CBN Gear Grinding - A Way to Higher Load Capacity

Because of the better thermal conductivity of CBN abrasives compared to that of conventional aluminum oxide wheels, CBN grinding process, which induces residual compressive stresses into the component, and possibly improves the subsequent stress behavior. This thesis is the subject of much discussion. In particular, recent Japanese publications claim great advantages for the process with regard to an increased component load capacity, but do not provide further details regarding the technology, test procedures or components investigated. This situation needs clarification, and for the this reason the effect of the CBN grinding material on the wear behavior and tooth face load capacity of continuously generated ground gears was further investigated.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-09-01

Hob Basics Part I

The Hobbing Process The hobbing process involves a hob which is threaded with a lead and is rotated in conjunction with the gear blank at a ratio dependent upon the number of teeth to be cut. A single thread hob cutting a 40-tooth gear will make 40 revolutions for each revolution of the gear. The cutting action in hobbing is continuous, and the teeth are formed in one passage of the hob through the blank. See Fig. 1 for a drawing of a typical hob with some common nomenclature.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-09-01

Maximum Life Spiral Bevel Reduction Design

Optimization is applied to the design of a spiral bevel gear reduction for maximum life at a given size. A modified feasible directions search algorithm permits a wide variety of inequality constraints and exact design requirements to be met with low sensitivity to initial values. Gear tooth bending strength and minimum contact ration under load are included in the active constraints. The optimal design of the spiral bevel gear reduction includes the selection of bearing and shaft proportions in addition to gear mesh parameters. System life is maximized subject to a fixed back-cone distance of the spiral bevel gear set for a specified speed ratio, shaft angle, input torque and power. Significant parameters in the design are the spiral angle, the pressure angle, the numbers of teeth on the pinion and gear and the location and size of the four support bearings. Interpolated polynomials expand the discrete bearing properties and proportions into continuous variables for gradient optimization. After finding the continuous optimum, a designer can analyze near-optimal designs for comparison and selection. Design examples show the influence of the bearing lives on the gear parameters in the optimal configurations. For a fixed back-cone distance, optimal designs with larger shaft angles have larger service lives.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-07-01

The European Rack Shift Coefficient 'X' for Americans

The use of dimensionless factors to describe gear tooth geometry seems to have a strong appeal to gear engineers. The stress factors I and J, for instance, are well established in AGMA literature. The use of the rack shift coefficient "x" to describe nonstandard gear proportions is common in Europe, but is not as commonly used in the United States. When it is encountered in the European literature or in the operating manuals for imported machine tools, it can be a source of confusion to the American engineer.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-07-01

Contact Analysis of Gears Using a Combined Finite Element and Surface Integral Method

The complete and accurate solution t the contact problem of three-dimensional gears has been, for the past several decades, one of the more sought after, albeit elusive goals in the engineering community. Even the arrival on the scene in the mid-seventies of finite element techniques failed to produce the solution to any but the most simple gear contact problems.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1993-07-01

Gear Tip Chamfer and Gear Noise; Surface Measurement of Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth

Could the tip chamfer that manufacturing people usually use on the tips of gear teeth be the cause of vibration in the gear set? The set in question is spur, of 2.25 DP, with 20 degrees pressure angle. The pinion has 14 teeth and the mating gear, 63 teeth. The pinion turns at 535 rpm maximum. Could a chamfer a little over 1/64" cause a vibration problem?
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1993-05-01

The Limits of the Computer Revoltion

In this issue of Gear Technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. In a sense, that's old news. It's a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive. No company that wishes to remain competitive in today's global manufacturing environment can afford to be without computers in all their manifestations. We need them in the office; we need them next to our desks in place of drafting boards; we need them on the shop floor.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-05-01

Coarse Pitch Gears

This article discusses briefly some common manufacturing problems relating to coarse pitch gears and their suggested solutions. Most of the discussion will be limited to a low-quality production environment using universal machine tools.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-05-01

Practical Optimization of Helical Gears Using Computer Software

The aim of this article is to show a practical procedure for designing optimum helical gears. The optimization procedure is adapted to technical limitations, and it is focused on real-world cases. To emphasize the applicability of the procedure presented here, the most common optimization techniques are described. Afterwards, a description of some of the functions to be optimized is given, limiting parameters and restrictions are defined, and, finally, a graphic method is described.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-05-01

Computerized Recycling of Used Gear Shaver Cutters

Most gear cutting shops have shelves full of expensive tooling used in the past for cutting gears which are no longer in production. It is anticipated that these cutters will be used again in the future. While this may take place if the cutters are "standard," and the gears to be cut are "standard," most of the design work done today involves high pressure angle gears for strength, or designs for high contact ratio to reduce noise. The re-use of a cutter under these conditions requires a tedious mathematical analysis, which is no problem if a computer with the right software is available. This article describes a computerized graphical display which provides a quick analysis of the potential for the re-use of shaving cutters stored in a computer file.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-05-01

Initial Design of Gears Using an Artificial Neural Net

Many CAD (Computer Aided Design) systems have been developed and implemented to produce a superior quality design and to increase the design productivity in the gear industry. In general, it is true that a major portion of design tasks can be performed by CAD systems currently available. However, they can only address the computational aspects of gear design that typically require decision-making as well. In most industrial gear design practices, the initial design is the critical task that significantly effects the final results. However, the decisions about estimating or changing gear size parameters must be made by a gear design expert.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1993-01-01

Classification of Types of Gear Tooth Wear - Part II

The first part of this article included abrasive wear with two bodies, streaks and scoring, polishing, and hot and cold scuffing. This part will deal with three-body wear, scratches or grooves, and interference wear. Normal, moderate, and excessive wear will be defined, and a descriptive chart will be presented.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-01-01

Line of Action: Concepts & Calculations

In the past gear manufacturers have had to rely on hob manufacturers' inspection of individual elements of a hob, such as lead, involute, spacing, and runout. These did not always guarantee correct gears, as contained elements may cause a hob to produce gears beyond tolerance limits.
VOICES | 1993-01-01

Our Readers Discuss Gear Rattle, Gear Books, and Gear Tech

Investigation of Gear Rattle Phenomena The article by Messrs. Rust, Brandl and Thien was very interesting in its description of the problem and of some of the interactions which occur.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1993-01-01

High Technology Hobs

Today's high technology hobs are visible different from their predecessors. Gear hobs have taken on a different appearance and function with present day technology and tool and material development. This article shows the newer products being offered today and the reasons for investigating their potential for use in today's modern gear hobbers, where cost reduction and higher productivity are wanted.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-11-01

Classification of Types of Gear Tooth Wear - Part I

The phenomena of deterioration of surfaces are generally very complex and depend on numerous conditions which include the operating conditions, the type of load applied, the relative speeds of surfaces in contact, the temperature, lubrication, surfaces hardness and roughness, and the compatibility and nature of materials.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-11-01

Investigation of the Strength of Gear Teeth

To mechanical engineers, the strength of gear teeth is a question of constant recurrence, and although the problem to be solved is quite elementary in character, probably no other question could be raised upon which such a diversity of opinion exists, and in support of which such an array of rules and authorities might be quoted. In 1879, Mr. John H. Cooper, the author of a well-known work on "Belting," made an examination of the subject and found there were then in existence about forty-eight well-established rules for horsepower and working strength, sanctioned by some twenty-four authorities, and differing from each other in extreme causes of 500%. Since then, a number of new rules have been added, but as no rules have been given which take account of the actual tooth forms in common use, and as no attempt has been made to include in any formula the working stress on the material so that the engineer may see at once upon what assumption a given result is based, I trust I may be pardoned for suggesting that a further investigation is necessary or desirable.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1992-11-01

1992 Marks Important Gear Design Milestone: Lewis Bending Strenth Equations Now 100 Years old

Columbus' first voyage to the Americas is not the only anniversary worthy of celebration this year. In 1892, on October 15, Wilfred Lewis gave an address to the Engineer's Club of Philadelphia, whose significance, while not as great as that of Columbus' voyage, had important results for the gearing community. In this address, Lewis first publicly outlined his formula for computing bending stress in gear teeth, a formula still in use today.
VOICES | 1992-11-01

Camshaft Gears

One of our readers in England has asked for our help in locating published technical data and information on the design, manufacture, and inspection of camshaft gears. Although millions of these gears have been made and are in constant use, we are not aware of any formal material having been published. We would be pleased to hear from anyone who had knowledge of such information.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-11-01

Tooth Contact Shift in Loaded Spiral Bevel Gears

An analytical method is presented to predict the shifts of the contact ellipses on spiral bevel gear teeth under load. The contact ellipse shift is the motion of the point to its location under load. The shifts are due to the elastic motions of the gear and pinion supporting shafts and bearings. The calculations include the elastic deflections of the gear shafts and the deflections of the four shaft bearings. The method assumes that the surface curvature of each tooth is constant near the unloaded pitch point. Results from these calculations will help designers reduce transmission weight without seriously reducing transmission performance.
EVENTS | 1992-09-01

Calendar

Complete calendar for September/October 1992
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-09-01

Base Pitch Tables

There is one dimension common to both members of a pair of properly mating spur gears - the base pitch (BP). This base pitch is equal to the circular pitch of the gear on the base circle (see Fig. 1). For a helical gear, the base pitch can be described in either the transverse or normal plane, and is called the transverse base pitch (TBP) or normal base pitch (NBP), respectively. For parallel axis helical gears, both the TBP and NBP must be the same on both mating gears. For skew axis helical gears, only the NBP must be common.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-09-01

Investigation of Gear Rattle Phenomena

The acceptance by discerning customers of passenger cars is dependent upon both the actual noise lever and the subjective noise character. The subjective noise character itself can contain, among other features, undesirable noise phenomena which become apparent at certain points in the vehicle operating range. One such critical phenomenon is gear rattle, which is mainly present under low speed, high load conditions. Due to changes in the angular velocity of the crankshaft, gear rattle under driving conditions occurs at the unloaded gears and splines.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-07-01

Grinding of Spur and Helical Gears

Grinding is a technique of finish-machining, utilizing an abrasive wheel. The rotating abrasive wheel, which id generally of special shape or form, when made to bear against a cylindrical shaped workpiece, under a set of specific geometrical relationships, will produce a precision spur or helical gear. In most instances the workpiece will already have gear teeth cut on it by a primary process, such as hobbing or shaping. There are essentially two techniques for grinding gears: form and generation. The basic principles of these techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this section.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1992-07-01

Cutting Low-Pitch-Angle Bevel Gears, Worm Gears and The Oil Entry Gap

Question: Do machines exist that are capable of cutting bevel gear teeth on a gear of the following specifications: 14 teeth, 1" circular pitch, 14.5 degrees pressure angle, 4 degrees pitch cone angle, 27.5" cone distance, and an 2.5" face width?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-07-01

Comparing Surface Failure Modes in Bearings and Gears: Appearances vs. Mechanisms

In the 1960's and early 1970's, considerable work was done to identify the various modes of damage that ended the lives of rolling element bearings. A simple summary of all the damage modes that could lead to failure is given in Table 1. In bearing applications that have insufficient or improper lubricant, or have contaminants (water, solid particles) or poor sealing, failure, such as excessive wear or vibration or corrosion, may occur, rather than contact fatigue. Usually other components in the overall system besides bearings also suffer. Over the years, builders of transmissions, axles, and gear boxes that comprise such systems have understood the need to improve the operating environment within such units, so that some system life improvements have taken place.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-05-01

Doing It Right & Faster... The Computer's Impact on Gear Design & Manufacture

The availability of technical software has grown rapidly in the last few years because of the proliferation of personal computers. It is rare to find an organization doing technical work that does not have some type of computer. For gear designers and manufacturers, proper use of the computer can mean the difference between meeting the competition or falling behind in today's business world. The right answers the first time are essential if cost-effective design and fabrication are to be realized. The computer is capable of optimizing a design by methods that are too laborious to undertake using hard calculations. As speeds continue to climb and more power per pound is required from gear systems, it no longer is possible to design "on the safe side" by using larger service factors. At high rotational speeds a larger gear set may well have less capacity because of dynamic effects. The gear engineer of today must consider the entire gear box or even the entire rotating system as his or her domain.
MANAGEMENT MATTERS | 1992-05-01

Cost-Cutting ABCs

Cost cutting. It's the aerobics of the 90s for businesses large and small. More than just the latest buzzword or 90-second flash-in-the-panacea, it's a survival technique. Companies that aren't trimming the fat now may not be around in five years to regret that they didn't.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1992-03-01

Our Experts Discuss Hobbing Ridges, Crooked Gear Teeth, and Crown Shaving

Question: When cutting worm gears with multiple lead stock hobs we find the surface is "ridged". What can be done to eliminate this appearance or is to unavoidable?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1992-01-01

Design Guidelines for High-Capacity Bevel Gear Systems

The design of any gearing system is a difficult, multifaceted process. When the system includes bevel gearing, the process is further complicated by the complex nature of the bevel gears themselves. In most cases, the design is based on an evaluation of the ratio required for the gear set, the overall envelope geometry, and the calculation of bending and contact stresses for the gear set to determine its load capacity. There are, however, a great many other parameters which must be addressed if the resultant gear system is to be truly optimum. A considerable body of data related to the optimal design of bevel gears has been developed by the aerospace gear design community in general and by the helicopter community in particular. This article provides a summary of just a few design guidelines based on these data in an effort to provide some guidance in the design of bevel gearing so that maximum capacity may be obtained. The following factors, which may not normally be considered in the usual design practice, are presented and discussed in outline form: Integrated gear/shaft/bearing systems Effects of rim thickness on gear tooth stresses Resonant response
EVENTS | 1992-01-01

Calendar

Complete calendar for January/February 1992
EVENTS | 1991-11-01

Calendar

Complete calendar for November/December 1991
VOICES | 1991-11-01

Viewpoint

Dear Editor: In Mr. Yefim Kotlyar's article "Reverse Engineering" in the July/August issue, I found an error in the formula used to calculate the ACL = Actual lead from the ASL = Assumed lead.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-11-01

A Rational Procedure for Designing Minimum-Weight Gears

A simple, closed-form procedure is presented for designing minimum-weight spur and helical gearsets. The procedure includes methods for optimizing addendum modification for maximum pitting and wear resistance, bending strength, or scuffing resistance.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1991-11-01

Gear Inspection Chart Evaluation; Specifying Unusual Worm Gear Sets

Question: When evaluating charts from a gear inspection machine, it is sometimes found that the full length of the profile traces vary, and that sometimes they are less than the length of active profile (above start of active profile-SAP) by up to 20%. This condition could be caused by a concentricity error between tooth grinding and shaping, or by unequal stock removal when grinding. (See Fig. 1.) Is it possible that some of the variation is coming from the inspection machine? How can variation from the inspection machine be reduced?
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-09-01

Basic Gear Generation Designing the Teeth

The finished gear engineer, the man who is prepared for all emergencies, must first of all know the basic design principles. Next he must be well versed in all sorts of calculations which come under the heading of "involute trigonometry."
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-07-01

Gear Fundamentals Reverse Engineering

Whether gear engineers have to replace an old gear which is worn out, find out what a gear's geometry is after heat treatment distortion, or just find out parameters of gears made by a competitor, sometimes they are challenged with a need to determine the geometry of unknown gears. Depending on the degree of accuracy required, a variety of techniques are available for determining the accuracy of an unknown gear. If a high degree of precision is important, a gear inspection device has to be used to verify the results. Frequently, several trial-and-error attempts are made before the results reach the degree of precision required.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1991-05-01

Misalignment No Beauty in Gearsets

When we have problems with gearset failure, a common diagnosis is misalignment. What exactly is that and how do we prevent it? The second most common "killer" of good gear sets is misalignment (dirt, or abrasive wear, is first). Gear teeth simply won't carry the load if they don't touch, and the portion that does touch has to carry an overload to make up for the missing contact area.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-05-01

Surface Pitting Fatigue Life of Noninvolute Low-Contact-Ratio Gears

Spur gear endurance tests were conducted to investigate the surface pitting fatigue life of noninvolute gears with low numbers of teeth and low contact ratios for the use in advanced application. The results were compared with those for a standard involute design with a low number of teeth. The gear pitch diameter was 8.89 cm (3.50 in.) with 12 teeth on both gear designs. Test conditions were an oil inlet temperature of 320 K (116 degrees F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.49 GPa (216 ksi), and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The following results were obtained: The noninvolute gear had a surface pitting fatigue life approximately 1.6 times that of the standard involute gear of a similar design. The surface pitting fatigue life of the 3.43-pitch AISI 8620 noninvolute gear was approximately equal to the surface pitting fatigue life of an 8-pitch, 28-tooth AISI 9310 gear at the same load, but at a considerably higher maximum Hertz stress.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-05-01

The Lubrication of Gears - Part II

What follows is Part 2 of a three-part article covering the principles of gear lubrication. Part 2 gives an equation for calculating the lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication regime. An equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing, is also given.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-03-01

The Lubrication of Gears - Part 1

This is a three-part article explaining the principles of gear lubrication. It reviews current knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Part 1 classifies gear tooth failures into five modes and explains the factors that a gear designer and operator must consider to avoid gear failures. It defines the nomenclature and gives a list of references for those interested in further research. It also contains an in-depth discussion of the gear tooth failure modes that are influenced by lubrication and gives methods for preventing gear tooth failures.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1991-03-01

Our Experts Discuss...

Question: I have just become involved with the inspection of gears in a production operation and wonder why the procedure specifies that four involute checks must be made on each side of the tooth of the gear being produced, where one tooth is checked and charted in each quadrant of the gear. Why is this done? These particular gears are checked in the pre-shaved, finish-shaved, and the after-heat-treat condition, so a lot of profile checking must be done.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-03-01

Hard Finishing By Conventional Generating and Form Grinding

The quality of a gear and its performance is determined by the following five parameters, which should be specified for each gear: Pitch diameter, involute form, lead accuracy, spacing accuracy, and true axis of rotation. The first four parameters can be measured or charted and have to be within tolerance with respect to the fifth. Pitch diameter, involute, lead, and spacing of a gear can have master gear quality when measured or charted on a testing machine, but the gear might perform badly if the true axis of rotation after installation is no longer the same one used when testing the gear.
VOICES | 1991-01-01

AGMA Responds to Gear Standards Article

The authors of last issue's article comparing AGMA, ISO and BS methods for Pitting Resistance Ratings are commended. Trying to compare various methods of rating gears is like hitting a moving target in a thick forest. The use of different symbols, presentations, terminology, and definitions in these standards makes it very difficult. But the greatest problem lies with the authors' use of older versions of these documents. ISO drafts and AGMA standards have evolved at the same time their work was accomplished and edited.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1991-01-01

AGMA, ISO, and BS Gear Standards Part II - Pitting Resistance Ratings

In Part I differences in pitting ratings between AGMA 218, the draft ISO standard 6336, and BS 436:1986 were examined. In this part bending strength ratings are compared. All the standards base the bending strength on the Lewis equation; the ratings differ in the use and number of modification factors. A comprehensive design survey is carried out to examine practical differences between the rating methods presented in the standards, and the results are shown in graphical form.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-11-01

AGMA, ISO, and BS Gear Standards Part I - Pitting Resistance Ratings

A study of AGMA 218, the draft ISO standard 6336, and BS 436: 1986 methods for rating gear tooth strength and surface durability for metallic spur and helical gears is presented. A comparison of the standards mainly focuses on fundamental formula and influence factors, such as the load distribution factor, geometry factor, and others. No attempt is made to qualify or judge the standards other than to comment on the facilities or lack of them in each standard reviewed. In Part I a comparison of pitting resistance ratings is made, and in the subsequent issue, Part II will deal with bending stress ratings and comparisons of designs.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-11-01

The Involute Helicoid and The Universal Gear

A universal gear is one generated by a common rack on a cylindrical, conical, or planar surface, and whose teeth can be oriented parallel or skewed, centered, or offset, with respect to its axes. Mating gear axes can be parallel or crossed, non-intersecting or intersecting, skewed or parallel, and can have any angular orientation (See Fig.1) The taper gear is a universal gear. It provides unique geometric properties and a range of applications unmatched by any other motion transmission element. (See Fig.2) The taper gear can be produced by any rack-type tool generator or hobbing machine which has a means of tilting the cutter or work axis and/or coordinating simultaneous traverse and infeed motions.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-11-01

Limitations of Worm and Worm Gear Surfaces in Order to Avoid Undercutting

The dimensions of the worm and worm gear tooth surfaces and some of the worm gear drive parameters must be limited in order to avoid gear undercutting and the appearance of the envelope of lines of contact on the worm surface. The author proposes a method for the solution of this problem. The relations between the developed concept and Wildhaber's concept of the limit contact normal are investigated. The results of computations are illustrated with computer graphics.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-09-01

Approximating an Involute Tooth Profile

On many occasions a reasonably approximate, but not exact, representation of an involute tooth profile is required. Applications include making drawings, especially at enlarged scale, and laser or EDM cutting of gears, molds, and dies used to produce gears. When numerical control (NC) techniques are to be used, a simple way to model an involute can make the NC programming task much easier.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-09-01

Involute Splines

Engineering design requires many different types of gears and splines. Although these components are rather expensive, subject to direct wear, and difficult to replace, transmissions with gears and splines are required for two very simple reasons: 1) Motors have an unfavorable (disadvantageous) relation of torque to number of revolutions. 2)Power is usually required to be transmitted along a shaft.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-09-01

Accurate and Fast Gear Trigonometry

An accurate and fast calculation method is developed to determine the value of a trigonometric function if the value of another trigonometric function is given. Some examples of conversion procedures for well-known functions in gear geometry are presented, with data for accuracy and computing time. For the development of such procedures the complete text of a computer program is included.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-07-01

Efficient Methods for the Synthesis of Compound Planetary Differential Gear Trains for Multiple Speed Ratio Generation

This article presents an efficient and direct method for the synthesis of compound planetary differential gear trains for the generation of specified multiple speed ratios. It is a train-value method that utilizes the train values of the integrated train components of the systems to form design equations which are solved for the tooth numbers of the gears, the number of mating gear sets and the number of external contacts in the system. Application examples, including vehicle differential transmission units, rear-end differentials with unit and fractional speed ratios, multi-input functions generators and robot wrist joints are given.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-07-01

Transmission Errors and Bearing Contact of Spur, Helical, and Spiral Bevel Gears

An investigation of transmission errors and bearing contact of spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears was performed. Modified tooth surfaces for these gears have been proposed in order to absorb linear transmission errors caused by gear misalignment and to localize the bearing contact. Numerical examples for spur, helical, and spiral bevel gears are presented to illustrate the behavior of the modified gear surfaces with respect to misalignment and errors of assembly. The numerical results indicate that the modified surfaces will perform with a low level of transmission error in non-ideal operating environments.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1990-07-01

Of Trees, Whales & Practicality

One of the hot items on the public agenda these days is "The Environment." Suddenly everyone wants to save the whales and the rain forest. Politicians, rock stars, and big business have all discovered that you can't get anything but good press for saying that you're in favor of trees and marine mammals.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-05-01

Shaper Cutters - Design & Application - Part 2

Cutter Sharpening Cutter sharpening is very important both during manufacturing and subsequently in resharpening after dulling. Not only does this process affect cutter "over cutting edge" quality and the quality of the part cut, but it can also affect the manner in which chip flow takes place on the cutter face if the surface finished is too rough or rippled.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1990-05-01

Looking To The Future

Six years ago this month, the very first issue of Gear Technology, the Journal of Gear Manufacturing, went to press. The reason for starting the publication was a straightforward one: to provide a forum for the presentation of the best technical articles on gear-related subjects from around the world. We wanted to give our readers the information they need to solve specific problems, understanding new technologies, and to be informed about the latest applications in gear design and manufacturing. The premise behind Gear Technology was also a straightforward one: the better informed our readers were about the technology, the more competitive they and their companies would be int he world gear market.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-05-01

Dynamic Loads in Parallel Shaft Transmissions - Part 2

Solutions to the governing equations of a spur gear transmission model, developed in a previous article are presented. Factors affecting the dynamic load are identified. It is found that the dynamic load increases with operating speed up to a system natural frequency. At operating speeds beyond the natural frequency the dynamic load decreases dramatically. Also, it is found that the transmitted load and shaft inertia have little effect upon the total dynamic load. Damping and friction decrease the dynamic load. Finally, tooth stiffness has a significant effect upon dynamic loadings the higher the stiffness, the lower the dynamic loading. Also, the higher the stiffness, the higher the rotating speed required for peak dynamic response.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-05-01

The Geometric Design of Internal Gear Pairs

The paper describes a procedure for the design of internal gear pairs, which is a generalized form of the long and short addendum system. The procedure includes checks for interference, tip interference, undercutting, tip interference during cutting, and rubbing during cutting.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-05-01

Comparative Load Capacity Evaluation of CBN-Finished Gears

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) finishing of carburized gearing has been shown to have certain economic and geometric advantages and, as a result, it has been applied to a wide variety of precision gears in many different applications. In critical applications such as aerospace drive systems, however, any new process must be carefully evaluated before it is used in a production application. Because of the advantages associated with this process, a test program was instituted to evaluate the load capacity of aerospace-quality gears finished by the CBN process as compared to geometrically identical gears finished by conventional grinding processes. This article presents a brief description of the CBN process, its advantages in an aerospace application, and the results of an extensive test program conducted by Boeing Helicopters (BH) aimed at an evaluation of the effects of this process on the scoring, surface durability, and bending fatigue properties of spur gears. In addition, the results of an x-ray diffraction study to determine the surface and subsurface residual stress distributions of both shot-peened and nonshot-peened CBN-ground gears as compared to similar conventionally ground gears are also presented.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-03-01

Gear Noise and the Making of Silent Gears

Our research group has been engaged in the study of gear noise for some nine years and has succeeded in cutting the noise from an average level to some 81-83 dB to 76-78 dB by both experimental and theoretical research. Experimental research centered on the investigation into the relation between the gear error and noise. Theoretical research centered on the geometry and kinematics of the meshing process of gears with geometric error. A phenomenon called "out-of-bound meshing of gears" was discovered and mathematically proven, and an in-depth analysis of the change-over process from the meshing of one pair of teeth to the next is followed, which leads to the conclusion we are using to solve the gear noise problem. The authors also suggest some optimized profiles to ensure silent transmission, and a new definition of profile error is suggested.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1990-03-01

Capital Gains, Societal Gains, or No Gains At All

Taxes may be one of the only two sure things in life, but that doesn't make them popular. Nobody is happy to pay them, and the bigger the amount due, the unhappier the taxpayer. Conversely, politicians know that coming out in favor of a tax cut is the equivalent of voting for apple pie and motherhood. It's a sure-fire success at the ballot box.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-03-01

Influence of Lubrication on Pitting and Micropitting Resistance of Gears

Pitting and micropitting resistance of case-carburized gears depends on lubricants and lubrication conditions. Pitting is a form of fatigue damage. On this account a short time test was developed. The test procedure is described. The "pitting test" was developed as a short time test to examine the influence of lubricants on micropitting. Test results showing the influence of case-carburized gears on pitting and micropitting are presented.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-03-01

Shaper Cutters-Design & Applications Part 1

Gear shaping is one of the most popular production choices in gear manufacturing. While the gear shaping process is really the most versatile of all the gear manufacturing methods and can cut a wide variety of gears, certain types of gears can only be cut by this process. These are gears closely adjacent to shoulders; gears adjacent to other gears, such as on countershafts; internal gears, either open or blind ended; crown or face gears; herringbone gears of the solid configuration of with a small center groove; rack; parts with filled-in spaces or teeth, such as are used in some clutches.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-03-01

Dynamic Loads in Parallel Shaft Transmissions Part 1

Recently, there has been increased interest in the dynamic effects in gear systems. This interest is stimulated by demands for stronger, higher speed, improved performance, and longer-lived systems. This in turn had stimulated numerous research efforts directed toward understanding gear dynamic phenomena. However, many aspects of gear dynamics are still not satisfactorily understood.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-01-01

Surface Fatigue Life on CBN and Vitreous Ground Carburized and Hardened AISA 9310 Spur Gears

Spur gear surface endurance tests were conducted to investigate CBN ground AISI 9310 spur gears for use in aircraft applications, to determine their endurance characteristics and to compare the results with the endurance of standard vitreous ground AISI 9310 spur gears. Tests were conducted with VIM-VAR AISI 9210 carburized and hardened gears that were finish ground with either CBN or vitreous grinding methods. Test conditions were an inlet oil temperature of 320 K (116 degree F), an outlet oil temperature of 350 K (170 degree F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.71 GPa (248 ksi), and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The CBN ground gears exhibited a surface fatigue life that was slightly better than the vitreous ground gears. The subsurface residual stress of the CBN ground gears was approximately the same as that for the standard vitreous ground gears for the CBN grinding method used.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1990-01-01

Application of Miner's Rule to Industrial Gear Drives

We need a method to analyze cumulative fatigue damage to specify and to design gear drives which will operate under varying load. Since load is seldom constant, most applications need this analysis.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1989-11-01

Compter-Aided Spur Gear Tooth Design: An Application-Driven Approach

This article discusses an application driven approach to the computer-aided sizing of spur gear teeth. The methodology is bases on the index of tooth loading and environment of application of the gear. It employs handbook knowledge and empirical information to facilitate the design process for a novice. Results show that the approach is in agreement with the textbook data. However, this technique requires less expert knowledge to arrive at the conclusion. The methodology has been successfully implemented as a gear tooth sizing module of a parallel axis gear drive expert system.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1989-09-01

Editorial

From tiny beginnings, the AGMA Gear Expo is growing into a fine, strapping show. This year's effort, Gear Expo '89, "The Cutting Edge," will be bigger and better than ever. What started as a few tabletop exhibits in Chicago four years ago has now grown to a full-size, international exhibition at the David Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh. With over 160 exhibitors, including major gear manufacturers and suppliers from around the world, this year's show promises to be a great success as well.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1989-07-01

AGMA Gear Expo '89 The Cutting Edge in Pittsburgh

AGMA's Gear Expo '89, "The Cutting Edge," opens at the David Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh, PA, on Nov. 6 and runs through Nov. 8. This year's show is "the largest trade show ever conceived specifically for the gear industry," according to Rick Norment, AGMA's executive director. The show is 60% larger in terms of floor space than the 1987 show, and over 90%of the booths have been sold.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1989-07-01

Into-Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears - Part 2

In the lubrication and cooling of gear teeth a variety of oil jet lubrication schemes is sometimes used. A method commonly used is a low pressure, low velocity oil jet directed at the ingoing mesh of the gears, as was analyzed in Reference 1. Sometimes an oil jet is directed at the outgoing mesh at low pressures. It was shown in Reference 2 that the out-of-mesh lubrication method provides a minimal impingement depth and low cooling of the gears because of the short fling-off time and fling-off angle.(3) In References 4 and 5 it was shown that a radially directed oil jet near the out-of-mesh position with the right oil pressure was the method that provided the best impingement depth.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1989-07-01

A New Method of Designing Worm Gears

The first part of this article describes the analytical design method developed by the author to evaluate the load capacity of worm gears. The second part gives a short description of the experimental program and testing resources being used at CETIM to check the basic assumptions of the analytical method; and to determine on gears and test wheels the surface pressure endurance limits of materials that can be used for worm gears. The end of the article compares the results yielded by direct application of the method and test results.
EVENTS | 1989-05-01

Technical Calendar

May 18-21. AGMA Annual Meeting, "The Changing World of Gears." Loews Ventana Canyon Resort, Tucson, AZ. July 12-14, 1989. ASM international Conference on Carburizing. Sheraton Hotel & Conference Center, Lakewood, CO. September 12-20, 1989. European Machine Tool Show, Hannover, West Germany.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1989-03-01

Predicted Effect of Dynamic Load on Pitting Fatigue Life for Low-Contact-Ratio Spur Gears

How dynamic load affects the pitting fatigue life of external spur gears was predicted by using NASA computer program TELSGE. TELSGE was modified to include an improved gear tooth stiffness model, a stiffness-dynamic load iteration scheme and a pitting-fatigue-life prediction analysis for a gear mesh. The analysis used the NASA gear life model developed by Coy, methods of probability and statistics and gear tooth dynamic loads to predict life. In general, gear life predictions based on dynamic loads differed significantly from those based on static loads, with the predictions being strongly influenced by the maximum dynamic load during contact.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1989-03-01

Design of Internal Helical Gears

In principal, the design of internal helical gear teeth is the same as that for external helical gears. Any of the basic rack forms used for external helical gears may be applied to internal helical gears. The internal gear drive, however, has several limitations; not only all those which apply to external gears, but also several others which are peculiar to internal gears. As with external gears, in order to secure effective tooth action, interferences must be avoided. The possible interferences on an internal gear drive are as follows: 1. Involute interference. To avoid this, all of the working profile of the internal tooth must be of involute form.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1989-01-01

Spur Gear Fundamentals

Gears are toothed wheels used primarily to transmit motion and power between rotating shafts. Gearing is an assembly of two or more gears. The most durable of all mechanical drives, gearing can transmit high power at efficiencies approaching 0.99 and with long service life. As precision machine elements gears must be designed.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1989-01-01

Leonardo, the Engineer

These lines, interesting enough, are from the notebooks of an artist whose images are part of the basic iconography of Western culture. Even people who have never set foot in a museum and wouldn't know a painting by Corregio from a sculpture by Calder, recognize the Mona Lisa. But Leonardo da Vinci was much more than an artist. He was also a man of science who worked in anatomy, botany, cartography, geology, mathematics, aeronautics, optics, mechanics, astronomy, hydraulics, sonics, civil engineering, weaponry and city planning. There was little in nature that did not interest Leonardo enough to at least make a sketch of it. Much of it became a matter of lifelong study. The breadth of his interests, knowledge, foresight, innovation and imagination is difficult to grasp.
EVENTS | 1988-11-01

Technical Calendar

November 1-3. SME Gear Processing and Manufacturing Clinic, Sheraton Meridian, Indianapolis, IN. November 5-10. international Conference on Gearing, Zhengzhou, China
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-11-01

Involutometry Illustrations

In our last issue, the labels on the drawings illustrating "Involutometry" by Harlan Van Gerpan and C. Kent Reece were inadvertently omitted. For your convenience we have reproduced the corrected illustrations here. We regret any inconvenience this may have caused our readers.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-11-01

Gear Tooth Profile Determination From Arbitrary Rack Geometry

This article describes a method of obtaining gear tooth profiles from the geometry of the rack (or hob) that is used to generate the gear. This method works for arbitrary rack geometries, including the case when only a numerical description of the rack is available. Examples of a simple rack, rack with protuberances and a hob with root chamfer are described. The application of this technique to the generation of boundary element meshes for gear tooth strength calculation and the generation of finite element models for the frictional contact analysis of gear pairs is also described.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-09-01

Involutometry

Involute Curve Fundamentals. Over the years many different curves have been considered for the profile of a gear tooth. Today nearly every gear tooth uses as involute profile. The involute curve may be described as the curve generated by the end of a string that is unwrapped from a cylinder. (See Fig. 1) The circumference of the cylinder is called the base circle.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-09-01

Crowned Spur Gears: Optimal Geometry and Generation

Involute spur gears are very sensitive to gear misalignment. Misalignment will cause the shift of the bearing contact toward the edge of the gear tooth surfaces and transmission errors that increase gear noise. Many efforts have been made to improve the bearing contact of misaligned spur gears by crowning the pinion tooth surface. Wildhaber(1) had proposed various methods of crowning that can be achieved in the process of gear generation. Maag engineers have used crowning for making longitudinal corrections (Fig. 1a); modifying involute tooth profile uniformly across the face width (Fig. 1b); combining these two functions in Fig. 1c and performing topological modification (Fig. 1d) that can provide any deviation of the crowned tooth surface from a regular involute surface. (2)
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-09-01

Calculation of Optimum Tooth Flank Corrections for Helical Gears

The load carrying behavior of gears is strongly influenced by local stress concentrations in the tooth root and by Hertzian pressure peaks in the tooth flanks produced by geometric deviations associated with manufacturing, assembly and deformation processes. The dynamic effects within the mesh are essentially determined by the engagement shock, the parametric excitation and also by the deviant tooth geometry.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-07-01

Helical Gear Mathematics, Formulas and Examples Part II

The following excerpt is from the Revised Manual of Gear Design, Section III, covering helical and spiral gears. This section on helical gear mathematics shows the detailed solutions to many general helical gearing problems. In each case, a definite example has been worked out to illustrate the solution. All equations are arranged in their most effective form for use on a computer or calculating machine.
VOICES | 1988-07-01

Industry Forum

Letters to the editor on a variety of subjects, including couplings, gear planers and ausforming.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-07-01

High Speed Hobbing of Gears With Shifted Profiles

The newer profile-shifted (long and short addendum) gears are often used as small size reduction gears for automobiles or motorcycles. The authors have investigated the damage to each cutting edge when small size mass-produced gears with shifted profiles are used at high speeds.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-05-01

Helical Gear Mathematics Formulas and Examples

The following excerpt is from the Revised Manual of Gear Design, Section III, covering helical and spiral gears. This section on helical gear mathematics shows the detailed solutions to many general helical gearing problems. In each case, a definite example has been worked out to illustrate the solution. All equations are arranged in their most effective form for use on a computer or calculating machine.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-05-01

Computer-Aided Design of the Stress Analysis of an Internal Spur Gear

Although there is plenty of information and data on the determination of geometry factors and bending strength of external gear teeth, the computation methods regarding internal gear design are less accessible. most of today's designs adopt the formulas for external gears and incorporate some kind of correction factors for internal gears. However, this design method is only an approximation because of the differences between internal gears and external gears. Indeed, the tooth shape of internal gears is different from that of external gears. One has a concave curve, while the other has a convex curve.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-05-01

Tooth Root Stresses of Spiral Bevel Gears

Service performance and load carrying capacity of bevel gears strongly depend on the size and position of the contact pattern. To provide an optimal contact pattern even under load, the gear design has to consider the relative displacements caused by deflections or thermal expansions expected under service conditions. That means that more or less lengthwise and heightwise crowning has to be applied on the bevel gear teeth.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-03-01

Automated Acoustic Intensity Measurements and the Effect of Gear Tooth Profile on Noise

The NASA Lewis Research Center investigated the effect of tooth profile on the acoustic behavior of spur gears through experimental techniques. The tests were conducted by Cleveland State University (CSU) in NASA Lewis' spur gear testing apparatus. Acoustic intensity (AI) measurements of the apparatus were obtained using a Robotic Acoustic Intensity Measurement System (RAIMS). This system was developed by CSU for NASA to evaluate the usefulness of a highly automated acoustic intensity measurement tool in the reverberant environment of gear transmission test cells.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-03-01

Contact Surface Topology of Worm Gear Teeth

Among the various types of gearing systems available to the gear application engineer is the versatile and unique worm and worm gear set. In the simpler form of a cylindrical worm meshing at 90 degree axis angle with an enveloping worm gear, it is widely used and has become a traditional form of gearing. (See Fig. 1) This is evidenced by the large number of gear shops specializing in or supplying such gear sets in unassembled form or as complete gear boxes. Special designs as well as standardized ratio sets covering wide ratio ranges and center distanced are available with many as stock catalog products.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-01-01

Describing Nonstandard Gears - An Alternative to the Rack Shift Coefficient

The use of dimensionless factors to describe gear tooth geometry seems to have a strong appeal to gear engineers. The stress factors I and J, for instance, are well established in AGMA literature. The use of the rack shift coefficient "x" to describe nonstandard gear proportions is common in Europe, but is not as commonly used in the United States. When it is encountered in the European literature or in the operating manuals for imported machine tools, it can be a source of confusion to the American engineer.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1988-01-01

The Use of Boundary Elements For The Determination of the AGMA Geometry Factor

The geometry factor, which is a fundamental part of the AGMA strength rating of gears, is currently computed using the Lewis parabola which allows computation of the Lewis form factor.(1) The geometry factor is obtained from this Lewis factor and load sharing ratio. This method, which originally required graphical construction methods and more recently has been computerized, works reasonably well for external gears with thick rims.(2-6) However, when thin rims are encountered or when evaluating the strength of internal gears, the AGMA method cannot be used.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-11-01

Selection of Hobbing Data

The art of gear hobbing has advanced dramatically since the development and introduction of unique machine and tool features such as no backlash, super rigidity, automatic loading of cutting tools, CNC controls, additional machine power and improved cutter materials and coatings. It is essential to utilize all these features to run the machine economically.
VOICES | 1987-11-01

Viewpoint

Letters to the editor covering a variety of subjects, including computers in gear design, couplings and more.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-11-01

Computer Aided Design for Gear Shaper Cutters

Computer programs have been developed to completely design spur and helical gear shaper cutters starting from the specifications of the gear to be cut and the type of gear shaper to be used. The programs generate the working drawing of the cutter and, through the use of a precision plotter, generate enlarge scaled layouts of the gear as produced by the cutter and any other layouts needed for its manufacture.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-09-01

Effects of Hob Quality and Resharpening Errors on Generating Accuracy

The modern day requirement for precision finished hobbed gears, coupled with the high accuracy characteristics of modern CNC hobbing machines, demands high tool accuracy.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-09-01

The Interrelationship of Tooth Thickness Measurements as Evaluated by Various Measuring Techniques

The first commandment for gears reads "Gears must have backlash!" When gear teeth are operated without adequate backlash, any of several problems may occur, some of which may lead to disaster. As the teeth try to force their way through mesh, excessive separating forces are created which may cause bearing failures. These same forces also produce a wedging action between the teeth with resulting high loads on the teeth. Such loads often lead to pitting and to other failures related to surface fatigue, and in some cases, bending failures.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-07-01

Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor for Straddle- and Overhang-Mounted Spur Gears

A pair of spur gears generally has an effective lead error which is caused, not only by manufacturing and assembling errors, but also by the deformations of shafts, bearings and housings due to the transmitted load. The longitudinal load distribution on a contact line of the teeth of the gears is not uniform because of the effective lead error.
VOICES | 1987-07-01

Viewpoint

In the May/June Issue of your excellent magazine. Mr. Stan Jakuba discusses a serious problem, not only for the gear industry, but any machinery where fluctuating torque is encountered. I would like to make the following comments to his article...
VOICES | 1987-07-01

No Surprise

For the last few years, the market has been tough for the U.S. gear industry. That statement will cause no one any surprise. The debate is about what to do. One sure sign of this is the enormous attention Congress and the federal government are now placing on "competitiveness."
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-07-01

Helical Gears With Circular Arc Teeth: Simulation of Conditions of Meshing and Bearing Contact

Circular arc helical gears have been proposed by Wildhaber and Novikov (Wildhaber-Novikov gears). These types of gears became very popular in the sixties, and many authors in Russia, Germany, Japan and the People's Republic of China made valuable contributions to this area. The history of their researches can be the subject of a special investigation, and the authors understand that their references cover only a very small part of the bibliography on this topic.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1987-05-01

Give Your Gears a Break - Select the Right Coupling!

How important is the right choice of coupling in determining successful machine design? Consider the following example. A transmission of appropriate size was needed to transfer the speed of the engine driver to that of the driven generator. The transmission was properly selected and sized to endure the rated power requirements indefinitely, but after only a short time in operation, it failed anyway. What happened? The culprit in the case was a coupling. It provided the necessary power and protection against misalignment but it lacked the ability to isolate the gears from the torque peaks of the diesel engine.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-05-01

Influence of Geometrical Parameters on the Gear Scuffing Criterion - Part 2

In ParI 1 several scuffing (scoring) criteria were shown ultimately to converge into one criterion, the original flash temperature criterion according to Blok. In Part 2 it will be shown that all geometric influences may be concentrated in one factor dependent on only four independent parameters, of which the gear ratio, the number of teeth of the pinion, and the addendum modification coefficient of the pinion are significant.
VOICES | 1987-05-01

Viewpoint

Joe Arvin comments on his recent trip to Scandinavia and how U.S. defense dollars are being spent overseas. J.D. Smith responds to an article on gear noise from the previous issue.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-03-01

Influence of Geometrical Parameters on the Gear Scuffing Criterion - Part I

The load capacity rating of gears had its beginning in the 18th century at Leiden University when Prof. Pieter van Musschenbroek systematically tested the wooden teeth of windmill gears, applying the bending strength formula published by Galilei one century earlier. In the next centuries several scientists improved or extended the formula, and recently a Draft International Standard could be presented.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1987-03-01

Crowning: A Cheap Fix for Noise Reduction and Misalignment Problems and Applications

Noisy gear trains have been a common problem for gear designers for a long time. With the demands for smaller gear boxes transmitting more power at higher rpms and incumbent demands for greater efficiency, gear engineers are always searching for new ways to reduce vibration and limit noise without increasing costs.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-01-01

Lubricant Jet Flow Phenomena in Spur and Helical Gears

In the gearing industry, gears are lubricated and cooled by various methods. At low to moderate speeds and loads, gears may be partly submerged in the lubricant which provides lubrication and cooling by splash lubrication. With splash lubrication, power loss increases considerably with speed. This is partially because of churning losses. It is shown that gear scoring and surface pitting can occur when the gear teeth are not adequately lubricated and cooled.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-01-01

Gear Noise and the Sideband Phenomenon

Gear noise can be a source of intense annoyance. It is often the primary source of annoyance even when it is not the loudest noise component. This is because of the way it is perceived. Gear noise is a collection of pure tones which the human ear can detect even when they are 10dB lower than the overall noise level. Another reason for our sensitivity to transmission noise is that we associate it with impending mechanical failure.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1987-01-01

Industry Shows Shift Emphasis

A change has taken place within the industry that is going to have an enormous effect on the marketing, sales, and purchasing of gear manufacturing and related equipment. This change was the American Gear Manufacturers' Association, first biennial combination technical conference and machine tool minishow.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1987-01-01

Improvement in Load Capacity of Crossed Helical Gears

Crossed helical gear sets are used to transmit power and motion between non-intersecting and non-parallel axes. Both of the gears that mesh with each other are involute helical gears, and a point contact is made between them. They can stand a small change in the center distance and the shaft angle without any impairment in the accuracy of transmitting motion.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-11-01

Curvic Coupling Design

Curvic Couplings were first introduced in 1942 to meet the need for permanent couplings and releasing couplings (clutches), requiring extreme accuracy and maximum load carrying capacity, together with a fast rate of production. The development of the Curvic Coupling stems directly from the manufacture of Zerol and spiral bevel gears since it is made on basically similar machines and also uses similar production methods. The Curvic Coupling can therefore lay claim to the same production advantages and high precision associated with bevel gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-11-01

Kinematic Analysis of Robotic Bevel-Gear Trains

In robot configurations it is desirable to be able to obtain an arbitrary orientation of the output element or end-effector. This implies a minimum of two independent rotations about two (generally perpendicular) intersecting axes. If, in addition, the out element performs a mechanical task such as in manufacturing or assembly (e.g., drilling, turning, boring, etc.) it may be necessary for the end-effector to rotate about its axis. If such a motion is to be realized with gearing, this necessitates a three-degree-of-freedom, three-dimensional gear train, which provides a mechanical drive of gyroscopic complexity; i.e., a drive with independently controlled inputs about three axes corresponding to azimuth, nutation, and spin.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-09-01

Improved Gear Life Through Controlled Shot Peening

The search for greater gear life involves improvement in cost, weight and increased power output. There are many events that affect gear life, and this paper addresses those relating to fatigue, gear tooth pitting, fatigue strength losses due to the heat treating processes and shot peening technique. The capability of shot peening to increase fatigue strength and surface fatigue life eliminate machine marks which cause stress risers, and to aid in lubrication when properly controlled, suggests increased use and acceptance of the process.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1986-09-01

Tooth Strength Study of Spur Planet Gears

In the design of any new gear drive, the performance of previous similar designs is very carefully considered. In the course of evaluating one such new design, the authors were faced with the task of comparing it with two similar existing systems, both of which were operating quite successfully. A problem arose, however, when it was realized that the bending stress levels of the two baselines differed substantially. In order to investigate these differences and realistically compare them to the proposed new design, a three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM) approach was applied to all three gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-09-01

Practical Analysis of Highly-Loaded Gears by Using the Modified-Scoring Index Calculation Method

The power of high speed gears for use in the petrochemical industry and power stations is always increasing. Today gears with ratings of up to 70,000kW are already in service. For such gears, the failure mode of scoring can become the limiting constraint. The validity of an analytical method to predict scoring resistance is, therefore, becoming increasingly important.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1986-07-01

Bevel Gear Development and Testing Procedure

The most conclusive test of bevel and hypoid gears is their operation under normal running conditions in their final mountings. Testing not only maintains quality and uniformity during manufacture, but also determines if the gears will be satisfactory for their intended applications.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-07-01

Effect of MoS2 Films on Scoring Resistance of Gears

Gears are currently run at high speed and under high load. It is a significant problem to develop lubricants and gears with high load-carrying capacity against scoring. The particles of molybdenum disulfide have been considered to increase the scoring resistance of the gears. The wear characteristics and the scoring resistance of the gears lubricated with MoS2 paste and MoS2 powder have been investigated. (1) However, there are few investigations on the performance of the gears coated with MoS2 film with respect to scoring.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-07-01

Mechanical Efficiency of Diffential Gearing

Mechanical efficiency is an important index of gearing, especially for epicyclic gearing. Because of its compact size, light weight, the capability of a high speed ratio, and the ability to provide differential action, epicyclic gearing is very versatile, and its use is increasing. However, attention should be paid to efficiency not only to save energy, but sometimes also to make the transmission run smoothly or to avoid a self-locking condition.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1986-05-01

Viewpoint

Sub: 'Finding Tooth Ratios' article published in Nov/Dec 1985 issue Let us congratulate you and Orthwein, W.C. for publishing this superb article in Gear Technology Journal. We liked the article very much and wish to impliment it in our regular practice.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-03-01

Controlling Tooth Loads In Helical Gears

Helical gears can drive either nonparallel or parallel shafts. When these gears are used with nonparallel shafts, the contact is a point, and the design and manufacturing requirements are less critical than for gears driving parallel shafts.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-03-01

A Computer Solution for the Dynamic Load, Lubricant Film Thickness, and Surface Temperatures in Spiral-Bevel Gears

Spiral-bevel gears, found in many machine tools, automobile rear-axle drives, and helicopter transmissions, are important elements for transmitting power.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1986-03-01

CNC Gear Shaping

Two major processes used for cutting gears, hobbing and shaping. This article describes advanced machine design and cutter materials for gear shaping.
VOICES | 1986-03-01

Viewpoint

I received a letter from Mr. G. W. Richmond, Sullivan Machinery Company, N.H., in which in addition to correcting mistyping, he made several suggestions concerning my article "General Equations for Gear Cutting Tool Calculations."
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1986-01-01

The Process of Gear Shaving

Gear shaving is a free-cutting gear finishing operation which removes small amounts of metal from the working surfaces of the gear teeth. Its purpose is to correct errors in index, helical angle, tooth profile and eccentricity. The process can also improve tooth surface finish and eliminate, by crowned tooth forms, the danger of tooth end load concentrations in service. Shaving provides for form modifications that reduce gear noise. These modifications can also increase the gear's load carrying capacity, its factor of safety and its service life.
FEATURE ARTICLES | 1986-01-01

Effect of Shot Peening on Surface Fatigue Life of Carburized and Hardened AISI 1910 Spur Gears

Gear surface fatigue endurance tests were conducted on two groups of 10 gears each of carburized and hardened AlSI 9310 spur gears manufactured from the same heat of material
VOICES | 1985-11-01

Industry Forum

One of the current research activities here at California State University at Fullerton is systematization of existing knowledge of design of planetary gear trains.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-11-01

General Equations for Gear Cutting Tool Calculations

The proper design or selection of gear cutting tools requires thorough and detailed attention from the tool designer. In addition to experience, intuition and practical knowledge, a good understanding of profile calculations is very important.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-11-01

Finding Gear Teeth Ratios

When designing gears, the engineer is often faced with the problem of selecting the number of teeth in each gear, so that the gear train will provide a given speed ratio
VOICES | 1985-09-01

Industry Forum

Your May/June issue contains a letter from Edward Ubert of Rockwell International with some serious questions about specifying and measuring tooth thickness.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-09-01

Single Flank Data Analysis and Interpretation

Much of the information in this article has been extracted from an AGMA Technical Paper, &quot;What Single Flank Testing Can Do For You&quot;, presented in 1984 by the author
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-07-01

Influence of Relative Displacements Between Pinion and Gear on Tooth Root Stresses of Spiral Bevel Gears

The manufacturing quality of spiral bevel gears has achieved a very high standard. Nevertheless, the understanding of the real stress conditions and the influences. of certain parameters is not satisfactory.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-07-01

Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor of Helical Gears

The contact lines of a pair of helical gears move diagonally on the engaged tooth faces and their lengths consequently vary with the rotation of the gears.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-07-01

Dynamic Analysis of Straight and Involute Tooth Form

The effect of load speed on straight and involute tooth forms is studied using several finite-element models.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-05-01

The Design and Manufacture of Machined Plastic Gears

The use of plastic gearing is increasing steadily in new products. This is due in part to the availability of recent design data. Fatigue stress of plastic gears as a function of diametral pitch, pressure angle, pitch line velocity, lubrication and life cycles are described based on test information. Design procedures for plastic gears are presented.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-05-01

Gear Tooth Scoring Design Considerations for Spur and Helical Gearing

High speed gearing, operating with low viscosity lubricants, is prone to a failure mode called scoring. In contrast to the classic failure modes, pitting and breakage, which generally take time to develop, scoring occurs early in the operation of a gear set and can be the limiting factor in the gear's power capability.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1985-05-01

Notes From the Editors Desk

This issue, our sixth, marks the 1st Anniversary of GEAR TECHNOLOGY, The Journal of Gear Manufacturing.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1985-05-01

Gear Inspection and Chart Interpretation

Much information has been written on gear inspection, analytical. functional. semiautomatic and automatic. In most cases, the charts, (if you are lucky enough to have recording equipment) have been explained.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-01-01

Computer Aided Design (CAD) of Forging and Extrusion Dies for the Production of Gears by Forming

Material losses and long production times are two areas of conventional spur and helical gear manufacturing in which improvements can be made. Metalforming processes have been considered for manufacturing spur and helical gears, but these are costly due to the development times necessary for each new part design. Through a project funded by the U.S. Army Tank - Automotive Command, Battelle's Columbus Division has developed a technique for designing spur and helical gear forging and extrusion dies using computer aided techniques.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-01-01

The Effect of Lubricant Traction On Wormgear Efficiency

The effect of various lubricant factors on wormgear efficiency has been evaluated using a variety of gear types and conditions. In particular, the significant efficiency improvements afforded by certain types of synthetic lubricants have been investigated to determine the cause of these improvements. This paper describes broad wormgear testing, both in the laboratory and in service, and describes the extent to which efficiency can be affected by changes in the lubricant; the effects of viscosity, viscosity index improvers and, finally, synthetic lubricants are discussed. The work concludes that lubricant tractional properties can play a significant role in determining gear efficiency characteristics.
VOICES | 1985-01-01

Dear Editor

Congratulations from a number of readers who are impressed with the new magazine.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1985-01-01

Analyzing Gear Tooth Stress as a Function of Tooth Contact Pattern Shape and Position

The development of a new gear strength computer program based upon the finite element method, provides a better way to calculate stresses in bevel and hypoid gear teeth. The program incorporates tooth surface geometry and axle deflection data to establish a direct relationship between fillet bending stress, subsurface shear stress, and applied gear torque. Using existing software links to other gear analysis programs allows the gear engineer to evaluate the strength performance of existing and new gear designs as a function of tooth contact pattern shape, position and axle deflection characteristics. This approach provides a better understanding of how gears react under load to subtle changes in the appearance of the no load tooth contact pattern.
PUBLISHER'S PAGE | 1984-10-01

Notes from the Editor's Desk

History comes around full circle. It is interesting to talk to gear manufacturers who service the defense, aerospace, automotive and computer industries and find that their sales, production and backlogs reflect excellent and, in some cases, record breaking business.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-10-01

Endurance Limit for Contact Stress in Gears

With the publishing of various ISO draft standards relating to gear rating procedures, there has been much discussion in technical papers concerning the various load modification factors. One of the most basic of parameters affecting the rating of gears, namely the endurance limit for either contact or bending stress, has not, however, attracted a great deal of attention.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-10-01

Scoring Load Capacity of Gears Lubricated with EP-Oils

The Integral Temperature Method for the evaluation of the scoring load capacity of gears is described. All necessary equations for the practical application are presented. The limit scoring temperature for any oil can be obtained from a gear scoring test.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-10-01

Design of Involute Gear Teeth

In designing involute gear teeth, it is essential that the fundamental properties of the involute curve be clearly understood. A review of "the Fundamental Laws of the Involute Curve" found in last issue will help in this respect. It has previously been shown that the involute curve has its origin at the base circle. Its length, however, may be anything from zero at the origin or starting point on to infinity. The problem, therefore, in designing gear teeth, is to select that portion of the involute, which will best meet all requirements.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1984-10-01

...And from the Industry

Industry News from October/November 1984 Gear Technology.
VOICES | 1984-08-01

A Second Rate Society - Never

What was once recognized as the unique genius of America is now slipping away from us and, in many areas, is now seen as a "second rate" capability. Unless action is taken now, this country is in real danger of being unable to regain its supremacy in technological development and economic vigor. First Americans must understand the serious implications of the problem; and second, we must dedicate ourselves to national and local actions that will ensure a greater scientific and technological literacy in America.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-08-01

Identification and Correction of Damaging Resonances in Gear Drives

As a result of extensive research into the vibration characteristics of gear drives, a systematic approach has evolved, by which damaging resonances can be eliminated. The method combines finite element techniques with experimental signature and modal analyses. Implementation of the bulk of the method can be carried out early in the design stage. A step-by-step description of the approach, as it was applied to an existing accessory drive, is given in the text. It is shown how premature bearing failures were eliminated by detuning the torsional oscillations of a gearshaft. A dramatic reduction in vibration levels was achieved as a result of detuning the problem gear. The proposed approach can be extended to other types of rotating machines.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-08-01

Maximum Surface Temperature of the Thermoplastic Gear in a Non-Lubricated Plastic-Steel Gear Pair

One of the major problems of plastic gear design is the knowledge of their running temperature. Of special interest is the bulk temperature of the tooth to predict the fatigue life, and the peak temperature on the surface of the tooth to avert surface failure. This paper presents the results of an experimental method that uses an infrared radiometer to measure the temperature variation along the profile of a plastic gear tooth in operation. Measurements are made on 5.08, 3.17, 2.54, 2.12 mm module hob cut gears made from nylon 6-6, acetal and UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene). All the tests are made on a four square testing rig with thermoplastic/steel gear pairs where the plastic gear is the driver. Maximum temperature prediction curves obtained through statistical analysis of the results are presented and compared to data available from literature.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-08-01

Economics of CNC Gear Gashing vs. Large D.P. Hobbing

Gear gashing is a gear machining process, very much like gear milling, utilizing the principle of cutting one or more tooth (or tooth space) at a time. The term "GASHING" today applies to the roughing, or roughing and finishing, of coarse diametral pitch gears and sprockets. Manufacturing these large coarse gears by conventional methods of rough and finish hobbing can lead to very long machining cycles and uneconomical machine utilization.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-08-01

Determination of Gear Ratios

Selection of the number of teeth for each gear in a gear train such that the output to input angular velocity ratio is a specified value is a problem considered by relatively few published works on gear design.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1984-08-01

Functions of Gearing and Application of the Involute to Gear Teeth

Experience has proven that the involute provides the most satisfactory profile for spur and helical gear teeth, and fulfills the requirements for transmitting smooth, uniform angular motion.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES | 1984-05-01

CNC Controlled CBN Form Grinding

Borazon is a superabrasive material originally developed by General Electric in 1969. It is a high performance material for machining of high alloy ferrous and super alloy materials. Borazon CBN - Cubic Born Nitride - is manufactured with a high temperature, high pressure process similar to that utilized with man-made diamond. Borazon is, next to diamond, the hardest abrasive known; it is more than twice as hard as aluminum oxide. It has an extremely high thermal strength compared to diamond. It is also much less chemically reactive with iron, cobalt or nickel alloys.
INDUSTRY NEWS | 1984-05-01

The Process of Gear Shaving

Gear shaving is a free-cutting gear finishing operation which removes small amounts of metal from the working surfaces of the gear teeth. Its purpose is to correct errors in index, helical angle, tooth profile and eccentricity.
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